MODULE 2

» DC-DC & AC-DC Power Converter

2-pulse, 3-pulse and 6-pulse converters – performance

parameters: harmonics, ripple, distortion, power factor – effect
of source impedance and overlap
Topics to study in detail : Single phase fully controlled converter with R,RL and RLD

Single Phase Half Controlled Converter with R,RL and RLD

Three Phase Converter

Performance Parameter

Problems and Solutions

Note: Discontinuous Conduction Mode and RLE load operation is not required to
any of the converter.
Self study : Half wave one pulse controlled rectifier and Mid point full converter
 One Pulse Converter

2 Pulse Mid-Point Converter

 INTRODUCTION
In full wave rectification, current flows through the load in the same
direction for both half cycles of the input supply. It can be achieved with two
diode / switches working alternatively. There are two types circuit
configuration used for full wave rectification.Center tap rectifier and Bridge
rectifier.

Full wave rectification

Center taped Bridge

rectification rectification

Uncontrolled Controlled Uncontrolled Fully controlled Semi controlled

» For low-powers, below 20 kW, single-phase circuits are
adequate but they themselves can take different forms. For
high powers, above 20 kW, three-phase circuits are used.
Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter with R-Load
 Single phase full wave controlled rectifier
Mode – I & II
OPERATION
Waveforms

T1 T2

Vs
L
O Vo

AC Vs =
A
D

0
⍵t
T3 T4 2

Firing Pulse
Mode – III & IV

T1 T2
Vo Io
L
O Vo VoAvg
AC Vs =
A
D
⍵t
0 α π+α 2
T3 T4
 Single phase half wave controlled rectifier

Analysis ( R – Load)

Vs
T1 T2

0
⍵t
2
R
L
O Firing Pulse
VR Vo
AC Vs = A
D
Vo Io

VoAvg

T3 T4 ⍵t
0 α π+α 2
 Single phase full wave controlled rectifier
Analysis R-Load
Instantaneous output voltage Vo
  V0 =
 
  V0 =
 
Instantaneous output current Io
  Io =
 Io =

 Io =

 Io =

Average output voltage VoAvg Average output current IoAvg

 
 VoAvg

2𝑉
𝐼 0 𝐴𝑣𝑔 = √
 
( 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 )
𝜋𝑅
 Single phase half wave controlled rectifier

Analysis ( RL – Load)
Vs
Vm

T1 T2

0 2
⍵t

RL Firing Pulse
L VR
O Vo
AC Vs = A VL Vo
D
Io
VoAvg

0 α +α 2
⍵t
T3 T4
 Full wave semi controlled bridge rectifier (Symmetrical)

Circuit Diagram Waveforms

T1 T2

L
O Vo

AC Vs =
A
D

D1 D2
Back
 Function of Freewheeling Diode

The diode is connected across load in the controlled or

uncontrolled converter circuit. This diode is called
as freewheeling diode or flywheel diode.

Function of freewheeling diode

•It improves input as well as system power factor.

•The load voltage in the negative side is prevented

•The freewheeling diode is connected across R – L load.
•The energy stored in the inductor of the load. 
•The stored energy of the load passes through
freewheeling diode during negative half cycle of the
alternating supply. 
•If there is no freewheel diode, the stored energy of load
back to the input supply.
Single Phase Half Controlled with RL load and Freewheeling
Diode
Fully controlled
Vav

Half controlled

Vav
 Performance Parameters of Converters

3.Input Power Factor

Active Input Power
Performance Parameters of Converters
Back
Back
Semi converter
SCRs with peak forward voltage rating of 1000 V and average on-
state current rating of 40 A are used in single phase midpoint
converter and single-phase bridge converter. Find the power that
these two converters can handle. Use a factor of safety of 2.5.
The semiconverter with RL load and freewheeling diode
is connected to 120V,60Hz. The load current is ripple free
and it is assumed to be continuous. Calculate input power
factor, displacement factor and harmonic factor,Vdc,Vrms
when firing angle is equal to 90
Rms value of fundamental component
Rms value of input current
  2√ 2 𝐼 0 𝛼
𝐼1 = cos   𝛼 1
𝜋 2 ´ 0
𝐼 𝑠= ⊥ ( 1−
𝜋 ) 2

 𝑉 𝑚= √ 2 × 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 Vrms DF

  𝑣𝑚 HF PF
𝑣ⅆ 𝑐= (1+cos 𝛼 )
𝜋