History does

not repeat
itself. People
repeat history. –
Ambet Ocampo
Historical Study – is a
qualitative research design
which determines the
reasons for changes or
permanence of things in the
physical world in a certain
period (i.e., years, decades, or centuries).
What is referred to in
the study as time of
changes is not a time
shorter than a year but
a period indicating a
big number of years.
 The scope or
coverage of this
research design is one
element that makes it
different from
The scope/coverage of a historical
study refers to:
1. Number of years covered
2. Kind of events focused on
3. Extent of new knowledge or
discoveries (as an outcome of a
historical study).
*Thus, a clue about the scope is reflected
by the title:
•A Five-Year Study of
the Impact of the K-
12 Curriculum on
the Philippine
Employment System
•The Rise and Fall of
the Twenty-Year
Reign of Former
Philippine President
Ferdinand E. Marcos
•Filipino Student
Activism from the
Spanish Era to the
Contemporary
Period
•Telephones from
the Nuclear Era
to the Digital
Age
Data collecting
techniques:
• Biography/
autobiography reading
• Documentary analysis
• Chronicling activities
Chronicling activities
– interviewing people
to trace series of
events in the lives of
people in a span of
 However, one
drawback of historical
study is the absence or
loss of complete
sources that prevents
one from completing it.
Narrative Analysis
 Narrative analysis is an
approach to the collection
and examination of data that
is sensitive to the sense of
historical arrangement that
people as teller of stories or
events around them.
 The emphasis of attention
moves from “what actually
happened? to “how do people
make sense of what happened?”
It is the gathering of important
historical details of what people
perceive about their lives in
terms of continuity and process.
Narrative Inquiry includes stories that reflect on
people‘s experience and the meaning that this
experience has for them. Narrative research is a
useful way of gaining access to feelings,
thoughts and experience in order to analyze
them. For many decades, health research had
focused on the decision-making and thoughts of
professionals and their measurement of the
treatment outcomes, while the feelings and
ideas of the patient, the ‘insider‘, tended to be
neglected. The perspectives of patients are
uncovered through their stories.
Narratives are tales of experience or
imagination and come naturally to
human beings. Narratives are rarely
simple or linear, and they often
consist of many different stories
rather than of a clearly defined tale.
Illness narratives are expressions of
illness, suffering and pain. Narratives
are often tales of identity.
Example:
Viernes, Sr. Ramona M. and De Guzman Allan B.(2005)
explored a narrative-biographical research of Teachers‘
Experiences of Supportive Relationships with
Colleagues. A total of fifty (50) public and private
elementary and secondary school teachers in the
central part of the Philippines were purposively
selected as respondents. The study yielded four
significant themes that describe how Filipino teachers
as relational people experience and interpret
supportive relationships in the school setting. These
include: supportive relationships as (1) a life-giving
force; (2) an extension of one‘s family; (3) a reciprocal
process; and (4) a work still in progress.
 Narrative Research titles
• Enhancing the transparency of Accounting
Research: The Case of Narrative Analysis
• The Narrative Research Trail: Values of
Ambiguity and Relationships
• Narrative Inquiry: Approaches to Language
and Literacy Research
• Through the Looking Glass Space to New
Ways of Knowing: A Personal Research
Narrative
DISCOURSE AND
CONVERSATION
ANALYSIS
 Discourse and Conversation
Analysis focuses on text as
“object of analysis.” It
examines recorded naturally
occurring language, usually of
conversations between
individuals within the study
population.
 Both Discourse and
Conversation Analysis look at
the discourse and interaction
between two or more speakers
to understand how shared
meanings are socially
constructed (Guest et.al, 2013)