Professional Documents
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Final Plumbing 2
Final Plumbing 2
Final Plumbing 2
P l u m b i n g
Definition
- NPC 217.6
H i s t o r y
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
1
All premises intended for human use or habitation shall
be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water,
neither connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to
backflow or back- siphonage.
2
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.
3
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
4
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
P r i n c i p l e s
5
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with
a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the
sewer system.
6
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water
closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
7
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall
be located in ventilated enclosures.
8
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the
pipes may be readily cleaned.
P r i n c i p l e s
9
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.
10
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system
shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
11
The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
12
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
13
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
P r i n c i p l e s
14
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be
allowed to enter the building drainage system.
15
contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.
16
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
17
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision
shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
P r i n c i p l e s
18
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.
19
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
20
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to
be accessible for their intended use.
21
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may
22
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some
acceptable form of treatment.
C o m p o n e n t s
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Condensation
Precipitation
The Plumbing Cycle
Components & Flow in
Water Systems:
S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E
Pressure,
Water Mains, Plumbing
Piping
Storage Tanks Fixtures
Networks
S O U R C E COLLECTION
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
TREATMENT DISPOSAL
Treated water Sewage Plants,
Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
The Plumbing Cycle
Water Functions Diagram:
Sulfur Chlorination
W
CHLORINATION
ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or
chlorine gas to kill the harmful
bacteria.
Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Individual Well Springs:
(Types According to Method of Construction)
Dug Well
Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger
Seldom driven below 15 meters
Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Used only where ground is relatively soft
Wells & Pumps
Driven Well
Dug with driven point
attached to the pipes
Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better! (allows natural filtration)
Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:
Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;
Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force
Wells & Pumps
Types of Pumps
Shallow Well Pumps
Shallow well reciprocating pump
Shallow well jet pump
Rotary pump
Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
Water Tanks & Cisterns
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
Used in the Air Pressure System
Used with a pump
Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Hot Water Tanks:
Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
In diameter; not more than 180cm
In length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
In diameter; not more than 5 m
In length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
From standard metal gauge,
working pressure limit is 85 psi.
Controls & Valves
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve
Water Hammer
WATER HAMMER
a knocking in the pipes caused when
faucets in the lower levels are shut off BACK SIPHONAGE
abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating
water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle
Back Siphonage
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:
Direct Pressure Distribution
DIRECT PRESSURE
Water is obtained through a large intake
DISTRIBUTION
installed on the lake basin & extended
into deep water
Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:
HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
Fixture Branch MAIN
Storage Tanks
Cold Water Distribution
System
Types of the Cold Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Direct Upfeed
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
Cold Water Distribution
System
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city water
supply is not strong enough
- Compressed air is used to raise and UPFEED SYSTEM
push water into the system
Cold Water Distribution
System
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System
UPFEED SYSTEM
DOWNFEED OR
GRAVITY SYSTEM
Upfeed System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Overheadfeeed System
Reverse Trap
Siphon Jet
- Has a larger trapway
making it less likely to clog
- Quieter flushing action
- Retains a large amount of
standing water
Soil Fixtures
Siphon Vortex
- Less noisy and very
efficient
- Flushing action is started
by a whirlpool motion
followed by a complete
flush down
- Retains a large amount of
standing water
Types:
Wall Hung
Pedestal
Through
Stall
Soil Fixtures
Setting:
Urinal center to side wall: minimum of 0.30 m
Urinal center to urinal center: minimum of 0.60 m
Flushing:
Flushing trough urinals shall be done through automatic
flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1)
Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type discharging
a predetermined quantity of water. No manually controlled
flushometer valve shall be used to flush group urinals.
(NPC 408.2)
Soil Fixtures
Minimum Requirements for Urinals
Configurations:
Single, Double or Triple Well
Shallow or Deep Well
LAUNDRY TUBS
Materials:
Cement or Cement with Tiles
Porcelain
Scullery Fixtures
SLOP SINKS
BAR SINKS
LAVATORIES
Types:
Pedestal Wall Hung
Pullman or Counter Through
(self-rimming, flush, undercounter)
Bathing Fixtures
BATHTUBS
WHIRLPOOL
BATHS
BIDETS
Setting:
Bidet center to side wall: minimum of 0.375 m
Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of 0.75 m
SHOWER RECEPTORS
House/Building Sewer
extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in
The S-Trap
Predecessor of P-traps
Used when not all traps had to connect to ventilation
systems
Traps & Interceptors
REQUIREMENTS:
Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, excepting those with integral traps,
shall be separately trapped with an approved-type
waterseal trap.
Not more than one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm
(portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent)
Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.
Traps & Interceptors
5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3
REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
Clean-outs
VENTILATION
Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
Vents & Venting System
an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe sill
serve two (2) traps.
Vents & Venting System
Relief Vent
Local Vent
Dry Vent
Vent Stack
SIZE OF VENTS:
The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length
and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.
The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32
mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.
Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.
Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
Deterioration of the Materials
INDIRECT WASTE PIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES
GREASE TRAPS:
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line
stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal.
2 Main Types
HOUSE TRAPS:
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall
of the building
Drain Tiles:
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundation
Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
Drain or sump pit
House Drain Appliances
Garage Traps:
a.k.a. garage catch basin
Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
Lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
House Drain Appliances
PLANS:
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.
QUALITY OF DESIGN:
shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and
scum accumulations.
MATERIALS:
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.
Material: cement (usually) or pre-fabricated cast iron
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity;
shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid
depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole
MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required
over the baffle wall.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
VENT DIAMETER:
equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AIR SPACE:
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the
back vent openings.
STRUCTURE:
CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by
the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system
shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its
drainage field.
LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
SEWERS
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
Storm Sewers
Carries only rainwater collected from the storm
drain or from the streets
Terminates at natural drainage areas
(i.e. lakes, rivers, and water reservoirs)
Require manholes to serve as clean-
outs and to make sewers accessible
for inspection and repair built at depth of about 2 to 3
meters; diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters
SEWERS
Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters
the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3 meter above the top of
the sewer or drainage pipe (NPC 1208.1.1),
the water pipe is placed on a solid shelf excavated at one
side of the common trench with a minimum horizontal
distance of at least 0.3 m from the sewer or drain pipe (NPC
1208.1.2).
STRENGTH:
Brick lining shall have a minimum compressive strength of
17225 kPa.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
CESSPOOLS
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DESIGN CRITERIA:
TEMPORARY PERMITS:
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public
sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be
available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water
conditions are favorable;
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an
existing cesspool;
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or
temporary uses.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE
DISPOSAL
DESIGN CRITERIA:
REQUIREMENTS:
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of
grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other
ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall
be installed.
DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank
or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
1 Buildings or 0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
structures*
2 Property line Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
Adjoining private
Property
3 Water supply 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
wells
4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m
5 Trees - 3m - 3m
Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
6 Seepage pits or - 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
Cesspools
7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m
8 On site domestic 0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Water service line
9 Pressure public 3m 3m 3m 3m
Water main
Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)
Some features of STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.
Water Recycling
4. incinerator
3. Fine screen house
6. Aerating
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
basin
10. Liquid
11. Chemical
9. Drier house extractor
house
house
13. Vacuum
12. warehouse power
house
Water Recycling
The Downspout
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
Storm Water System
The Strainer or Roof Drain
The Shoe
Storm Water System
4 Varieties:
Standard Pipe Single Hub Pipe
Lead Pipe
Highly resistant to acid
Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption
Brass Pipe
Most expensive
Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
Pipes & Fittings
Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
Developed in Germany in 1935
Most are produced from synthetic resins
2 Types:
Rigid type
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (UPVC)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible type
The Polyethylene (PE)- coil form; 30 m long
The Polybutylene (PB)- coil form; 30 m – 150 m long
Pipes & Fittings
Considerations in
choosing materials:
Quality and durability.
EXTENSION
FEMALE
PIECE/
ADAPTOR
NIPPLE
45°
REDUCER STREET
ELBOW
90°
REDUCING
STREET
ELBOW
ELBOW
Pipes & Fittings
UNION
CROSS
TEE
PLUG
REDUCING
TEE
DOUBLE
HUB
CAP
Pipes & Fittings
Other water Service
Fittings & Devices:
CORPORATION
STOP
METER
STOP
CURB
STOP
WATER
METER
CURB
STOP
BOX
Pipes & Fittings
Sanitary Fittings
Pipes & Fittings
Working Drawings
Piping Symbols for Plumbing:
VENT
SD STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER
S SPRINKLER MAIN
G G GAS
A COMPRESSED AIR
V VACUUM
S - CI SEWER – CAST IRON
S - CT SEWER – CLAY TILE
CYLINDER
- where gas is stored
PIGTAIL
- where high pressure
vapor flows through when
cylinder valve is opened
REGULATOR
-reduces the high pressure
-of gas to the proper
operating gas pressure of
the appliance
LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas
Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Location of Cylinders
Install out of doors or in a building or section of a building
having good floor and ceiling level ventilation directly to the
open; (outdoors) in areas with no (combustible materials)
vegetation (i.e. Grass, weeds) waste paper, garbage, etc.
within 19 feet of a cylinder
Locate in a place where it is accessible to LP Gas
deliverymen
Install on a firm, dry, level foundation (cement or cement
blocks) to prevent damage to the bottom ring from soil
corrosion
Do not place below ground level; maintain at least a 3 ft.
distance from drains, culverts, or entrances and openings
leading to cellars & other depressions (where gas might
accumulate)
LP Gas
Locate in a place safe from accidental damage from
vehicles & tampering by children or unauthorized persons;
should be protected by cylinder hoods (if located in
driveways or alleys)
Use in the upright position, with the valves uppermost.
Do not place close to steam pipes or any other source of
heat
When cylinders are being connected/disconnected there
should be no open flame or similar source of ignition in the
vicinity
Close the cylinder valves before disconnecting
Replace cylinder cap when the cylinder is disconnected to
protect the cylinder valve in transit and prevent the cylinder
valve from being used as a handle
LP Gas
Safety Precautions for installation of LP Gas
Cylinders & Gas Appliances:
Pressure Regulators & Other Service Equipment
Pressure regulators, copper tube pigtails, throw-over-
valves and manifolds which are connected to the cylinders
should be rigidly supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward (to
prevent entry of rain)
All safety valve outlets in the service equipment should be
vented to the open air & not choked with dust or other
foreign matter
LP Gas
Gas Piping & Shut-Off Valves
Piping should be adequately supported to the well, beyond
the reach of people passing by.
When pipes pass thru floors, walls or partitions, no joints
should be allowed at these places to minimize danger of
leaks.
Piping should not be run in or through elevator shafts, air or
ventilation ducts, chimneys or flues.
Ends of piping should not be plugged with cork, wood,
paper, etc., the correct terminal fitting should be used.
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance.
Both ends of the connection to portable appliances should
be securely attached by means of clips. Hose should be of a
type resistant to LP gas.
LP Gas
Location of Appliance
The location of the gas appliance in the kitchen should be
decided before the piping is laid out. Appliances should be
set where conditions for ventilations and air circulation are
met.
A permanent and adequate air supply should be provided
for the appliance. This source of air for combustion and
ventilation should not be subject to accidental interruption or
curtailment.
Appliance should be installed in a way to allow ease of
repair and adjustment of appliance burners and parts
Water Testing:
Testing of water supply piping is conducted by
closing all outlets & filling the system with water
from the main to locate leaks and other potential
problems
Face to face
distance
engagement length
Joints & Connections
Calking:
Align pipes
Packing Oakum-
Wrap an oakum or hemp around the spigot Neck;
Drive the oakum into the bottom of the hub using a yarning iron;
compress firmly (make a 20-25mm clearance from top of bell)
Ladle Lead- Seal joint with lead (3mm above bell)
Packing with Calking Iron
Joints & Connections
For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and
Threaded Joints fittings shall be standard taper pipe
threads
Threads on plastic pipe shall be
factory cut or molded
Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with
water-soluble, non-hardening material
Considerations:
Direct Connections
The manner of planning and layouting of pipes;
Short and direct installations of pipelines (if possible)
Measuring and Cutting
Threading Operations
Sizing of the Pipes
Joints & Connections
Solder & Sweat Joints
For joints in copper tubing
Solders and fluxes with lead content
which exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in
piping systems used to convey
potable water
Soldering of joints:
Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine sand paper)
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Heat the fitting with a propane torch
Apply (non corrosive) flux or soldering paste
Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
Joints & Connections
Special Joints: