Prepared by:

Ms. Mary Jiemer C. Benolirao, LPT

Classificationof Living
Things

http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg
 TAXONOMY
Branch of biology that names
and groups organisms
according to their:
1. CHARACTERISTICS
2. EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY
 The first person to
group or classify
organisms was
the Greek teacher
& philosopher
(300 B.C.)
ARISTOTLE
more than 2000 years
ago.
Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html
Aristotle’s System

PLANTS: ANIMALS:
Based on size of stem Based on where they lived
BUT..
.
1. Not all organisms fit into
Aristotle’s 2 groups
(plants or animals)
Bacteria
Mushroom

Images from:
http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg
http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg
2. Common names can be misleading

A jelly fish isn’t a fish,

but a seahorse is!

Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish

Sea cucumber
sounds like a plant
but… it’s an
Image from:
animal!
http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg
3. Common names vary from
place to place

Ex: puma,
catamount,
mountain lion,
cougar
are all names for
same animal

Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

4. Same organisms have
different names in different
countries.
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen
(German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada
(Spanish)
Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.ht
Some early scientists
devised scientific names
using long descriptions in
LATIN.
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis
setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes
bearing hairlike bristles”
 PROBLEMS
and
CONCERNS??
Names too hard too long to remember!

Names don’t show relationships

between different animals or plants.
 Carolus Linnaeus
comes to the rescue!
Devised a new
classification
system based on
_MORP_HOLOGY

(1707-1778)
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
Linnaeus’s System
Grouped in a
HIERARCHY
of 7 different levels
Each organism has a two
part LATIN
S_CIENTIFIC NAME_
 Kids
Kingdom Prefer
Cheese
Phylum Over
Class Fried
Green
Order
Family
Spinach
Genus
Species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivo
ra Felidae
Family
Genus
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATUR
(E2 name naming system)
• 1st name = _GEN_U_S N_A_ME
–Always capitalized

•2 nd SPECIES
name =
IDENTIFIER
–Always lower case
 Binomial Nomenclature
Vampire bat

Desmodus
rotundus
Eastern chipmunk
Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg

Tamias striatus

Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

 Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens

Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

 So what do we use
now?
MODERN
TAXONOMY
Still use Linnaeus’s
system:
but we have added
more
KINGDOMS
Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.
MODERN TAXONOMY
organizes
living
things
in the
context

of
http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-
MODERN TAXONOMY
Scientists use different kinds of info
to classify organisms:
1. Fossil record
2. Morphology
3. Embryology
4. Chromosomes
5. Macromolecules (DNA & proteins)
 1. FOSSIL RECORD
We can trace some changes
over time through the fossil record.

http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif
 2. MORPHOLOGY
Shape and Function

Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

 MORPHOLOGY
HOMOLOGOUS characteristics:
same embryological origin
(may have similar structure and
function)
e.g: Bat wing & human arm
Homologous characteristics
suggest a
Recent common ancest.or
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

Bat wing
and human arm
develop from
same embryonic
structures
 MORPHOLOGY
ANALOGOUS characteristics:
may have similar structure &
function but different embryological
origin

e.g: Bird wing & butterfly wing

ANALOGOUS characteristics
evolved separately.
 ANALOGOUS
Bird wing and
STRUCTURES butterfly wing
have evolved with
similar function
http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html
BUT
different

structure inside.
Insects and birds
3. EMBRYOLOGY

Animals whose embryos develop

in a similar pattern may be related

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

 4. CHROMOSOMES

Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes

Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have

Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.
 5. MICROMOLECULES
Compare molecules like
PROTEINS
DNA
Organisms with similar
sequences are
probably more closely
related.
 So what do we use
now?
5 KINGDOMS -
based on multiple kinds of evidence
Eubacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Shows evolutionary relationships based on:

Morphology
Fossil records
Embryology
Chromosomes
Macromolecul
es (DNA &
Classificationof Living
Things

http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg