ANL 06 Hyperelasticity

Chapter Six
Hyperelasticity
Hyperelasticity
Chapter Overview Training Manual
Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• This chapter will cover the wide range of rate-independent
hyperelastic constitutive models available in ANSYS for
modeling rubber materials.
• In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
A. Background on Physics of Rubber
B. Background on Hyperelastic Theory
C. Particular Forms of the Strain Energy Potential (18x Elements)
D. Considerations for HYPERxx Elements
E. Solving Hyperelasticity Models
F. Material Testing and Curve-Fitting
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Hyperelasticity
A. Background on Elastomers Training Manual

• Elastomers are a class of polymers with the following
properties
– Elastomers involve natural and synthetic rubbers, which are
amorphous and are comprised of long molecular chains
– The molecular chains are highly twisted, coiled, and randomly
oriented in an undeformed state
– These chains become partially straightened and untwisted under
a tensile load
– Upon removal of the load, the chains revert back to its original
configuration
– Strengthening of the rubber is achieved by forming crosslinks
between molecular chains through a vulcanization process
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Hyperelasticity
... Background on Elastomers Training Manual

• On a macroscopic level, rubber behavior exhibits certain
characteristics
– They can undergo large elastic (recoverable) deformations,
anywhere on the order of 100-700%. As noted previously, this is
due to the untwisting of cross-linked molecular chains.
– There is little volume change under applied stress since the
deformation is related to straightening of chains. Hence,
elastomers are nearly incompressible.
F
– Their stress-strain relationship can Tension
be highly nonlinear
– Usually, in tension, the material
softens then stiffens again. On u
the other hand, in compression,
the response becomes quite stiff.
Compression
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Hyperelasticity
... Background on Elastomers Training Manual

An example of an analysis of a rubber boot
Element 185 (B-Bar), with nearly-

incompressible Neo-Hookean
hyperelastic material, rigid- September
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Hyperelasticity
B. Background on Hyperelasticity Training Manual

• There are some key assumptions related to the hyperelastic
constitutive models in ANSYS
– Material response is isotropic, isothermal, and elastic
• Thermal expansion is isotropic
• Deformations are fully recoverable (conservative)
– Material is fully or nearly incompressible
• Requires element formulations discussed earlier such as B-
Bar or Mixed U-P to handle incompressibility condition
• The constitutive hyperelastic models are defined through a

strain energy density function
– Unlike plasticity, hyperelasticity is not defined as a rate
formulation   D : 
– Instead, total-stress vs. total-strain relationship is defined
through a strain energy potential (W)
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Hyperelasticity
... Definition of Stretch Ratio Training Manual

Before proceeding to a detailed discussion on different forms
of the strain energy potential, some terms will be defined:
• The stretch ratio (or simply ‘stretch’) is defined as
L L  u
   1  E
Lo Lo
The above is an example of stretch ratio as defined for

uniaxial tension of a rubber specimen, where E is
engineering strain.
There are three principal stretch ratios 1, 2, and 3 which will
provide a measure of the deformation. These will also be
used in defining the strain energy potential.
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Hyperelasticity
... Definition of Stretch Ratio Training Manual

• To illustrate the definition of the principal stretch ratios by an
example, consider a thin square rubber sheet in biaxial
tension. The principal stretch ratios 1 and 2 characterize in-
plane deformation. On the other hand, 3 defines the
thickness variation (t/to). Additionally, if the material is
assumed to be fully incompressible, then 3 will equal -2.
2    L L
o
3  t t  2
o
1    L L
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Hyperelasticity
... Definition of Strain Invariants Training Manual

• The three strain invariants are commonly used to define the
strain energy density function.
I1  12  22  32

I 2  12 22  22 32  32 12
I 3  12 22 32
If a material is fully incompressible, I3 = 1.
• Because we assume that the material is isotropic, some
forms of the strain energy potential are expressed as a
function of these scalar invariants. In other words, strain
invariants are measures of strain which are independent of
the coordinate system used to measure the strains.
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... Definition of Volume Ratio Training Manual

• The volume ratio J is defined as
V
J  12 3 
Vo
As shown above, J can be thought of as the ratio of deformed
to undeformed volume of the material.
• In the case of thermal expansion, the thermal volumetric
deformation is
J th  1   th 
3
The elastic volumetric deformation is related to the total and

thermal volumetric deformation by the following:
J total
J el  J 
J th
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... Definition of Strain Energy Potential Training Manual

• The strain energy potential (or strain energy function) is
usually denoted as W
– Strain energy potential can either be a direct function of the
principal stretch ratios or a function of the strain invariants
W  W  I1 , I 2 , I 3 
or
W  W  1 , 2 , 3 
The particular forms of the strain energy potential will be
discussed shortly. These forms determine whether stretch
ratios or strain invariants are used.
– Based on W, second Piola-Kirchoff stresses (and Green-
Lagrange strains) are determined:
dW
S ij 
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Hyperelasticity
... Definition of Strain Energy Potential Training Manual

• Because of material incompressibility, we split the deviatoric
(subscript d or with ‘bar’) and volumetric (subscript b) terms
of the strain energy function. As a result, the volumetric term
is a function of volume ratio J only.
W  Wd  I1 , I 2   Wb  J 
W  Wd  1 , 2 , 3   Wb  J 
where the deviatoric principal stretches and deviatoric
invariants are defined as (for p=1,2,3 ):
1
p  J 3
p
2
Ip  J 3
Ip
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Section C
Strain Energy Potential

(18x Elements Only)
Hyperelasticity
C. Particular Forms of W Training Manual

• In this section, the different hyperelastic models for the 18x
series of elements will be presented. Each is a particular
form of W, based either on the strain invariants or on the
principal stretch ratios directly.
Polynomial
Neo-Hookean
Mooney-Rivlin
Arruda-Boyce
Ogden
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Hyperelasticity
... Particular Forms of W Training Manual

• The strain energy potential W will require certain types of
parameters input as material constants.
– The number of material constants will differ, depending on the
strain energy function W chosen.
– The choice of W will depend on the user, although some very
general guidelines will be presented to aid the user in selection
of W.
– From the selection of W and material constants which are input,
stress and strain behavior are calculated by ANSYS.
– The next slides discuss the different forms of strain energy
potential W available in ANSYS.
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Hyperelasticity
... Polynomial Form Training Manual

• The polynomial form is based on the first and second strain
invariants. It is a phenomenological model of the form
  
N N
1
W   cij I1  3 I 2  3    J  1
i j 2k
i  j 1 k 1 d k
where the initial bulk modulus and initial shear modulus are
  2 c10  c01 
2

d1
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,POLY. cij and di are
input via TBDATA. Usually, values of N greater than 3 are
rarely used. It may be applicable for strains up to 300%.
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Hyperelasticity
... Polynomial Form Training Manual

Sample definition of 2-term Polynomial form shown below.
Constants c10, c01, c20, c11, c02, d1, d2 to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,N,POLY
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,c10,c01,c20,c11,c02 September
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... Neo-Hookean Form Training Manual

• The Neo-Hookean form can be thought of as a subset of the
polynomial form for N=1, c01=0, and c10=/2:
 1
W   I1  3   J  1
2
2 d
where the initial bulk modulus is defined as
2

d
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,NEO. The constants 
and d are input via TBDATA.
– This is the simplest hyperelastic model which can serve as a
good starting point, using a constant shear modulus. However, it
is limited to strains up to 30-40% in uniaxial tension and up to 80-
90% in pure shear (these are general guidelines).
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Hyperelasticity
... Neo-Hookean Form Training Manual

Sample definition of Neo-Hookean form shown below.
Constants  and d to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,NEO
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu,d
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Hyperelasticity
... Mooney-Rivlin Form Training Manual

• There are two-, three-, five-, and nine-term Mooney Rivlin
models available in ANSYS. These can also be thought of as
particular cases of the polynomial form.
• The two-term Mooney-Rivlin model is equivalent to the
polynomial form when N=1:
1
W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3   J  1
2
• The three-term Mooney-Rivlin model is similar to the

polynomial form when N=2 and c20=c02=0:
1
W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3  c11  I1  3 I 2  3   J  1 2
d
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Hyperelasticity

• The five-term Mooney-Rivlin model is equivalent to the
polynomial form when N=2:
W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3  c20  I1  3

2
1
 c11  I1  3 I 2  3  c02  I 2  3   J  1
2 2
d
• The nine-term Mooney-Rivlin model can also be thought of as
the polynomial form when N=3:
W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3  c20  I1  3  c11  I1  3 I 2  3

2
 c02  I 2  3  c30  I1  3  c21  I1  3  I 2  3

2 3 2
1
 c12  I1  3 I 2  3  c03  I 2  3   J  1
2 3 2
d September
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Hyperelasticity

• For all of the preceding Mooney-Rivlin forms, the initial shear
and initial bulk moduli are defined as:
  2 c10  c01 
2

d
• For the 18x series of elements, this option is defined via
TB,HYPER,,,N,MOONEY. Constants cij and d are input via
TBDATA.
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Sample definition of 3-term Mooney-Rivlin form shown below.
Constants c10, c01, c11, d to be defined for 18x elements.
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,MOONEY
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,c10,c01,c11,d
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Hyperelasticity

• Comments on the different Mooney-Rivlin (MR) models:
– As a very general guideline, the two-term MR form may be valid
up to 90-100% tensile strains, although it will not account for
stiffening effects of the material, usually present at large strains.
Compression behavior may also not be characterized well with
only two-term MR.
– As noted in the figure below, more terms may capture any
inflection points in the engineering stress-strain curve. As with
the polynomial form, the user must ensure that enough data is
supplied with inclusion of higher-order terms. Five- or Nine-term
MR may be used up to 100-200% strains (general guideline).
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... Others Based on Polynomial Training Manual

• It was noted in the previous slides that the Neo-Hookean and the
Mooney-Rivlin models can be viewed as special cases of the general
Polynomial form. There are some other common special cases of
the Polynomial form which can be modeled.
– Reduced polynomial form (similar to polynomial form but with
j=0; i.e., omit second invariant dependency):
 
N N
1
W   ci 0 I1  3    J  1 2i
i
i 1 i 1 di
– The Yeoh model (use reduced polynomial form, N=3):
 
3 3
1
W   ci 0 I1  3    J  1 2i
i
i 1 i 1 di
– The James-Green-Simpson model (polynomial form, N=3):
      
3 3
1
W  c01 I 2  3  c11 I1  3 I 2  3   ci 0 I1  3    J  1
i
2i
i 1 i 1 d i
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Hyperelasticity
... Arruda-Boyce Form Training Manual

• The Arruda-Boyce form, also known as the eight-chain
model, is a statistical mechanics-based model. This means
that the form was developed as a statistical treatment of non-
Gaussian chains emanating from the center of the element to
its corners (eight-chain network).
 
Ci i i 1  J 2 -1 
5
W    2 i  2 I1  3    lnJ 
i 1 L d 2 
where the constants Ci are defined as
1 1 11 19 519
C1  , C2  , C3  , C4  , C5 
2 20 1050 7050 673750
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Hyperelasticity

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,BOYCE. Constants ,
L, and d are input via TBDATA.
– The initial shear modulus is 
– The limiting network stretch L is the stretch at which stress
starts to increase without limit. Note that as L becomes infinite,
the Arruda-Boyce form becomes the Neo-Hookean form.
– Generally limited to 300% strain at most.
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Hyperelasticity

Sample definition of Arruda-Boyce form shown below.
Constants ,L, and, d to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,BOYCE
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu,lambda_L,d
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Hyperelasticity

• One may note from the previous slides that the Arruda-Boyce
model is dependent on the first invariant I1 only.
– The justification of this comes from the observation that the strain
energy potential is less sensitive to changes in the second
invariant than the first.
– Also, if only uniaxial data is available, it has been shown that
ignoring the second invariant leads to better prediction of general
deformation states.
– From a physical standpoint, this means that the eight chains are
equally stretched under any deformation state,
i.e., I1= 12+ 22+ 32 represents this chain elongation.
– Additional usefulness of the Arruda-Boyce model stem from the
fact that the material behavior can be characterized well even with
limited test data (uniaxial test), and fewer material parameters are
required. However, this is a fixed formulation, which may limit its
applicability.
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Hyperelasticity
... Ogden Form Training Manual

• The Ogden form, another phenomenological model, is
directly based on the principal stretch ratios rather than the
strain invariants:
i i
W    1  2  3  3    J  1
N
i i
N
1 2i
i 1  i i 1 d i
where the initial bulk and shear moduli are defined as

N
 2i
 i 1
i
2

d1
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Hyperelasticity

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,OGDEN. i, i, and di
need to be supplied via TBDATA.
– The model degenerates to the Neo-Hookean form when
N=1 1= 1=2
– The model is equivalent to the two-term Mooney-Rivlin form if
N=2 1=2c10 1=2 2=-2c01 2=-2
– Since Ogden is based on principal stretch ratios directly, it may
be more accurate and may provide better data fitting. However,
it may also be more computationally expensive.
– In general, Ogden form may be applicable for strains up to 700%.
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Hyperelasticity

Sample definition of 2-term Ogden form shown below.
Constants 1, 1, 2, 2, d1, d2 to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,OGDEN
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu_1,a_1
TBDATA,3,mu_2,a_2 September
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Hyperelasticity
... Incompressibility Considerations Training Manual

• Considerations for Incompressibility:
– All rubber-like materials have some very small compressibility.
However, assuming full incompressibility is usually a very good
approximation. The choice of treatment of material as nearly or
fully incompressible is decided by the user and data available.
– For 18x lower-order elements, use B-Bar as first choice for
nearly incompressible problems
• If shear locking exists, switch to Enhanced Strain.
• If volumetric locking exists, add Mixed U-P formulation.
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Hyperelasticity
... Incompressibility Considerations Training Manual

• Considerations for Incompressibility (cont’d):
– If the material is fully incompressible, 18x elements with Mixed
U-P must be used. Set d=0 and KEYOPT(6) > 0 for fully
incompressible problems.
• ANSYS will also automatically set KEYOPT(6) > 0 if it is not
set by user in fully incompressible case (for all di=0).
• Note that plane stress problems can handle fully
incompressible problems without difficulty (refer to Ch. 2).
Do not use Mixed U-P in plane stress case. ANSYS will
switch KEYOPT(6)=0 if it is incorrectly set for plane stress.
• Although ANSYS will automatically handle KEYOPT(6)
settings as shown above, it is a good idea to manually set
these options, especially in case of SOLID187 since, for
SOLID187, KEYOPT(6)=1 or 2.
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Hyperelasticity
... Summary of Choice of W Training Manual

• There are several factors which affect the choice of the strain
energy potential used for a particular application:
– The Neo-Hookean and 2-term Mooney-Rivlin models are simple
models which may be used as a starting point for analyses.
Note that these models may not predict large tensile strains
(material stiffening effect) or compressive modes well.
– The Arruda-Boyce model may be able to predict multiple modes
of deformation well, based only on uniaxial data.
– The polynomial (higher-term Mooney Rivlin) and Ogden forms
may be able to fit experimental data more accurately, especially
for larger strain applications. Ogden is especially well-suited
since it is based directly on principal stretch ratios, but it may be
more computationally expensive.
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Hyperelasticity
... Summary of Choice of W Training Manual

• The preceding slide provides rules of thumb for hyperelastic
model selection based on strain range of interest. However,
please keep in mind that a good experimental data fitting is
the best way to determine which hyperelastic model to use.
– Make sure that your experimental data covers the expected
strain range. If your data is for 50% strain, do not expect it to
correlate well for strains of 200%
– Make sure that your experimental data covers the expected
modes of deformation. Data fit of uniaxial tension only may not
suffice for complex material response.
– Correlating your experimental data for the strain range and
deformation modes of interest is the best way to ensure that you
have selected an appropriate hyperelastic model.
– Some additional information will be covered in Subsection F.
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Hyperelasticity
... Workshop Exercise Training Manual

Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
• Workshop 10: Hyperelastic Keyboard
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Section D
HYPERxx Elements
Hyperelasticity
D. Options for HYPERxx Elements Training Manual

• There are two older sets of hyperelastic elements:
– HYPER5x consists of HYPER56, 58, 74, and 158
These elements are used for modeling nearly-incompressible
Mooney-Rivlin materials only.
– HYPER8x consists of HYPER84 and 86.
These elements are used for modeling Blatz-Ko compressible
foam-type materials.
• The material inputs will be discussed in the next pages for

HYPER5x and HYPER8x, respectively.
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• For HYPER5x family of elements, Mooney-Rivlin is input via
TB,MOONEY instead. Constants cij are input via TBDATA.
C1 1st strain energy constant (c10)
C2 2nd strain energy constant (c01)
C3 3rd strain energy constant (c20)
C4 4th strain energy constant (c11)
• Compressibility is not input via “d” constant, but, instead,

Poisson’s ratio is input with MP,NUXY with the relation
2 2 c10  c01 
 
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Mooney-Rivlin form (TB,MOONEY) for HYPER5x elements.
See previous slide for constants. Note that Poisson’s ratio must
also be defined separately under “Linear” properties.
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Hyperelasticity
... Blatz-Ko Foam Training Manual

• Blatz-Ko is used for the modeling of compressible foam-type
rubbers:
  I2 
W   2 I 3  5 
2  I3 
where the shear modulus is defined as
E

21   
• The parameters involve Young’s modulus and Poisson’s
ratio, input via MP,EX and MP,NUXY (or MP,PRXY).
– The Blatz-Ko model is commonly used to model compressible
foam-type polyurethane rubbers.
– This is limited to HYPER84 and HYPER86 element types only.
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Hyperelasticity
... Blatz-Ko Foam Training Manual

Sample definition of Blatz-Ko foam shown below for HYPER8x
Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio to be defined.
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Section E
Solution Procedure
Hyperelasticity
E. ANSYS Procedure Training Manual

• When performing an analysis of hyperelastic materials in
ANSYS, the following must be kept in mind:
– Select appropriate element type(s)
– Define hyperelastic constitutive model constants
– Check output during solution for specific warnings/errors
– Verify results in postprocessing
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Hyperelasticity
... Selecting Appropriate Element Type Training Manual

• The selection of the appropriate element type(s) depend upon
the hyperelastic model used and degree of incompressibility
of the material.
Element Series Hyperelastic Material Incompressibility
18x Elements All, except for Blatz-Ko Nearly
KEYOPT(6)=0 (TB,HYPER) (d>0)
18x Elements All, except for Blatz-Ko Fully
KEYOPT(6)>0 (TB,HYPER) (d=0)
HYPER5x Elements Mooney-Rivlin only Nearly
(TB,MOONEY) (NUXY<0.5)
HYPER8x Elements Blatz-Ko Nearly
KEYOPT(2)=1 (NUXY<0.5)
– 18x Elements refer to SHELL181, PLANE182/183, SOLID185-187

B-bar is preferred, although URI, Enhanced Strain also available
– HYPER5x Elements refer to HYPER56, 58, 74, 158
– HYPER8x Elements refer to HYPER84, 86
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... Selecting Appropriate Element Type Training Manual

• Define Element Types in usual manner
– Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete ...
For 18x elements,

Select under
“Hyperelastic”
category
For HYPERxx elements,

Select under
“Mooney-Rivlin”
category
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Hyperelasticity
... Define Hyperelastic Material Training Manual

All hyperelastic
models can be
selected in the
Materials GUI
under:
Structural
> Nonlinear
> Elastic
> Hyperelastic
Recall that material “Mooney-Rivlin” is for 18x elements only and

“Mooney-Rivlin (TB,MOON)” is for HYPER5x elements.
All hyperelastic parameters may also be temperature-dependent. September
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... Define Hyperelastic Material Training Manual

• After selecting the appropriate hyperelastic model, a separate
dialog box will appear with the required input.
– In the example below, a 2-term Mooney-Rivlin model has been
selected. Constants c10, c01, and d have been input.
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... Running the Solution Training Manual

• Solving models which include hyperelastic materials have
similar considerations as other nonlinear analyses
– Because these usually are finite strain problems, large
deformation effects (NLGEOM,ON) should be activated
– Hyperelastic materials are conservative (path-independent).
• If the loading is proportional and the stress state corresponds to one
of the six typical stress paths, the problem will converge easily (few
substeps).
• If the hyperelastic stress state and loading path are complex, a small
enough timestep should be specified to aid convergence.
• If plasticity, friction, or any other source of path-dependency also
exist in the model, the considerations for nonconservative systems
will dictate solution behavior (adequate number of substeps to
capture path-dependent response)
– The default behavior of Solution Control (SOLCON,ON) should
suffice for most situations.
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• The recommended choice of solver for hyperelastic problems
is dependent on the element type used:
Element Type Recommended Available Solver Available but not
Solver recommended
HYPERxx Sparse Frontal PCG, AMG
Elements
18x Elements with Sparse Frontal PCG, AMG
KEYOPT(6)=0
18x Elements with Frontal - Sparse
KEYOPT(6)>0
Because hyperelastic problems usually result in ill-

conditioned matrices, the sparse direct solver is usually
preferred. However, in the case of Mixed U-P 18x elements
(KEYOPT(6)>0), because of the presence of Lagrange
multipliers, the frontal solver is preferred.
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• During the solution, either physical or numerical instabilities
may be experienced, resulting in a ‘negative or small pivot’
warnings.
– Physical instabilities are usually due to local or global geometric
instabilities, such as buckling or wrinkling
– Numerical instabilities are due to non-positive definite strain
energy density function, usually resulting from strains outside
the expected range of interest. This stems from insufficient
experimental data when curve-fitting material constants.
• As noted earlier, hyperelastic materials are defined through a

strain energy density function, which defines the stress-
strain relationship. To ensure that these modes of
deformation are realistic (i.e., numerically stable), the Drucker
Stability condition must be satisfied during solution.
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• The Drucker Stability criterion is defined as the following:
dσ : dε  0
• In other words, the tangent material stiffness matrix should
always be positive definite. To ensure this, ANSYS does a
preliminary check of the stretch ratio in the range of 0.1 to
10.0 for the six typical stress paths.
0.1    10.0
– The above condition is checked for uniaxial, equibiaxial, and
planar cases, both in tension and compression. (Compression
means that the stretch < 1.0, tension is when the stretch > 1.0)
– This check is automatically done at the beginning of the solution
phase
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• If the material is stable for the given range of 0.1 to 10.0 for
the six typical stress paths, no message will be displayed.
Otherwise, a warning message will be printed in the initial
solution phase, such as the one shown below:
*** WARNING *** CP= 0.219 TIME= 12:50:52

Hyper-elastic material may become unstable, material number 1 at
temperature 0.
The nominal-strain limits where the material becomes unstable are:
UNIAXIAL TENSION 0.110E+01

EQUIBIAXIAL COMPRESSION -0.309E+00
PLANAR TENSION 0.118E+01
PLANAR COMPRESSION -0.540E+00
In the above case, uniaxial compression and equibiaxial

tension were satisfied; however, the other four cases were
not, so the limits are printed in the warning message.
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• For the HYPER5x elements, a secondary check can be
performed during each equilibrium iteration. This is
activated by setting KEYOPT(8)=1 for the HYPER5x elements
(HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, and HYPER158).
– During each equilibrium iteration, every Gauss integration point
is checked for stability violations. If some Gauss points fail a
stability check, a note indicating the total number of Gauss
points will be printed in the Output Window/File. An example is
shown below where 16 Gauss points did not pass the check:
*** LOAD STEP 1 SUBSTEP 4 COMPLETED. CUM ITER = 9

*** TIME = 0.800000 TIME INC = 0.200000
*** AUTO STEP TIME: NEXT TIME INC = 0.20000 UNCHANGED
FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 1.409 CRITERION= 0.3114E-01

>>> 16 Gauss points have exceeded the material stability limit
DISP CONVERGENCE VALUE = 0.3993E-01 CRITERION= 0.7214E-02
EQUIL ITER 1 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.1905E-01
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• Please note that these checks performed at the beginning of
the analysis are used to help diagnose problems if the
solution fails to converge
– A stability check is often an indication that there may be
convergence difficulty in that strain range.
– A material failing the stability check does not necessarily mean
that the solution is invalid in that region.
– When the equilibrium iteration checks are activated for the
HYPER5x elements, if any Gauss point per element does not
pass the stability check, it will be saved in the results. A non-
zero STFLAG (SMISC record) value will indicate which elements
failed a stability check during that substep. This can help
diagnose possible convergence problems.
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... Verifying Results Training Manual

• The output of stress and strain results for hyperelastic
materials differ, depending on the element types used:
– 18x series of elements report Cauchy (true) stress and
Logarithmic (true) strain in the global coordinate system.
– HYPERxx elements save Cauchy (true) stress in the global
coordinate system while Logarithmic strain is in the original
element coordinate system.
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• The 18x series of elements and HYPER5x elements support
postprocessing hydrostatic pressure via NL,HPRES
– Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu...
– To ensure that volumetric locking has not occurred, plot
hydrostatic pressure and verify that a checkboard pattern does
not exist. Otherwise, a different element formulation may need
to be selected.
Please note that for 18x

elements, HPRES is defined
as +p whereas, for HYPER5x,
HPRES is defined as -p
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• Some troubleshooting tips:
– Check the mesh distortion when postprocessing. Poorly shaped
elements at any point in the solution can lead to convergence
difficulties. Check for poor aspect ratios and angles between
element edges approaching 0 or 180 degrees.
– For Mixed U-P elements, recall that when the number of pressure
DOF (Np) is greater than the number of active (unconstrained)
displacement DOF (Nd), this is an over-constrained model, which
results in locking. Ideally, the ratio of Nd/Np should be 2/1 for 2D
problems or 3/1 for 3D problems. Over-constrained models can
be overcome by mesh refinement, especially in areas without
displacement b.c.
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• Additional troubleshooting tips:
– For a fully incompressible problem (18x elements with Mixed U-P
and material constant d=0), no unique solution may exist if all
boundary nodes have prescribed displacements. This is due to
the fact that hydrostatic pressure (internal DOF) is independent
of deformation. Hydrostatic pressure needs to be determined by
a force/pressure boundary condition. Without this, the
hydrostatic pressure cannot be calculated -- i.e., there is no
unique solution. For these situations where this occurs, having
at least one node without applied boundary condition will
remedy this situation.
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... Workshop Exercise Training Manual

Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
• Workshop 11: Hyperelastic O-ring
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Section F
Curve-Fitting
Hyperelasticity
F. Material Testing and Curve-Fitting Training Manual

• The strain energy function W provides a relationship of
stress-strain used by ANSYS to calculate the material
response.
• Material parameters/constants required in the description of
a specific choice of W. These parameters can be taken from
testing of rubber specimens, based on curve-fitting routines.
• ANSYS provides curve-fitting for Mooney-Rivlin materials
based on experimental data. The GUI procedure will be
discussed.
• Arruda-Boyce curve-fitting will be covered in the last part of
the section.
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... Material Testing and Curve-Fitting Training Manual

• Assuming incompressibility, the following modes of
deformation are identical:
1. Uniaxial Tension and Equibiaxial Compression
2. Uniaxial Compression and Equibiaxial Tension
3. Planar Tension and Planar Compression
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• Test data typically comes from one or more of the following
six tests:
– Uniaxial Tension
– Uniaxial Compression
– Biaxial Tension (Circular or rectangular specimen)
– Planar Shear
– Simple Shear
– Volumetric Test (Button specimen)
• The test data is collected as engineering stress/strain.

Engineering stress/strain is used for the curve fitting (recall
that stretch ratio =1+E).
– This is different from plasticity curve-fitting, where collected
data is converted to true stress/strain.
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• Collected data may need to be adjusted to account for effects
such as hysteresis and stress-softening behavior.
1.8
A typical engineering stress-
strain curve for a rubber 1.6
sample under cyclic loading is
shown on the right. 1.4
Note that hysteresis is present 1.2
(behavior in loading vs.

1
unloading is different).
Stress-softening effects (such 0.8
as Mullins effect) are also
present. 0.6
A stabilized curve (loading 0.4

path) is then shifted to the
origin (zero stress for zero 0.2
strain) and used for curve- 0

fitting procedures. -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
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... Mooney-Rivlin Curve-Fitting Training Manual

• This subsection will cover ANSYS’s built-in curve-fitting
routine for Mooney-Rivlin constants.
• To determine how many Mooney-Rivlin terms one should
include, the following provides a general guideline:
If the stress-stain curve contains … Try this Mooney-Rivlin function …
No inflection points (single curvature) Two-term
One inflection point (double curvature) Five-term
Two inflection points Nine-term
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• You should use at least twice as many data points as the
desired number of constants to be calculated. Using more
terms usually improves the statistical quality of the curve fit
(more tightly fitted through the data points), but the overall
shape of the curve may be worse.

Fitted Curve
Actual Material
Response
Data Points

• As a practical matter, you should probably select the two,
five, or nine constant function which results in the best
combination of tight data fit and satisfactory curve shape.
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• Ideally, one should have data for the three modes of
deformation (e.g., uniaxial tension, biaxial tension, planar
tension) in order to fully characterize the material.
– Ensure that the test data represents all modes of expected
deformation
– For example, if you only have uniaxial tension data, do not
create a model which experiences significant shear
deformations.
• Verify that the test data also covers the complete strain range
of interest.
– If your test data extends between 0% and 100% strain, do not
make a model that experiences 150% strain.
– Using strains beyond the range of the test data can produce
erroneous results.
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• Note that where the supplied data points are available, the
derived constants match the actual data well. Outside the
range the constants produce a response that does not match
the physical response. This can cause convergence
difficulties.
 Data Range
Curve from Fitted
Constants
Actual Material
Response
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• The GUI procedure for determining and applying the Mooney-
Rivlin constants consists of four main steps:
1. Dimension the Stress and Strain Data Arrays
2. Fill in the Stress and Strain Data Arrays
3. Calculate the Mooney-Rivlin Constants
4. Evaluate the Quality of the Mooney-Rivlin Constants
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• Dimension the Stress and Strain Data Arrays
– Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit
– Array Parameters Dialog Box > Add
The maximum
number of data
points from any
one test.
Always 1
Always 3 (for 3
test types)
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• Fill in the Stress and Strain Data Arrays
– Utility Menu > Parameters > Array Parameters > Define/Edit
– Array Parameters Dialog Box > Edit
Note, you can hit

the down arrow to
scroll down to fill
in the rest of the
array data.
Uniaxial (+/-)
Biaxial (+/-)
Planar (+/-) September
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• Fill in the Stress and Strain Data Arrays
– The stress and strain information needs to be input as
engineering stress and engineering strain.
– Each column of the array refers to a specific test type as shown
in the table below:
– If you do not have data for all three columns of each STRESS
and STRAIN arrays, you must leave the missing columns blank.
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• Calculate the Mooney-Rivlin Constants
– Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Mooney-Rivlin >
Define Table…
Enter material
number and
number of
temperatures.
Calculate Const …
– This will execute the GUI function to calculate the Mooney-Rivlin
constants (shown on the next slide).
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The *MOONEY function will create the Mooney-Rivlin constants and
store them in three places; the database, the array CONST, and the
file specified (defaults to jobname.tb.)
Number of
Constants
Names of Data
Arrays
Arrays created
automatically
from the GUI.
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• Please note that this procedure will create the Mooney-Rivlin
table for HYPER5x elements. (TB,MOONEY)
– To use this for 18x elements, the appropriate Mooney-Rivlin
(TB,HYPER,,,,MOONEY) material model must be created, and the
constants input manually.
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• As noted earlier, besides creating a Mooney-Rivlin material
table for the HYPER5x elements, this curve-fitting procedure
will also generate a text file jobname.tb with the appropriate
commands to create this material model (sample jobname.tb
file shown below).
– This jobname.tb input file is suitable for HYPER5x elements.
– To use this material with 18x elements, the TB,MOONEY
command must be replaced with an appropriate
TB,HYPER,,,npts,MOONEY, where npts=2, 3, 5, or 9-term
Mooney-Rivlin models.
/COM,ANSYS RELEASE 6.0 UP20010726 10:17:02 08/22/2001
/COM, hyper.tb
TB,MOONEY,
TBDAT,1, 0.7999379632E+02
TBDAT,2, 0.2000255099E+02
*DEL,CONST
*DIM,CONST ,, 2
CONST (1)= 0.7999379632E+02 September
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• Evaluate the Quality of the Mooney-Rivlin Constants:
– The Output Window will contain the following:
FOLLOWING TEST DATA TYPES HAVE BEEN SPECIFIED FOR COMPUTING 5 TERM MOONEY-RIVLIN SERIES
TYPE OF TEST DATA # OF DATA POINTS

----------------- ----------------
UNIAXIAL 9
EQUIBIAXIAL 0
SHEAR 15
ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS) ERROR AND COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION (COD) FOR 2, 5 AND 9 TERM SERIES
# OF TERMS COEFFICIENTS COMPUTED RMS ERROR (%) COD

---------- --------------------- ------------- ------
2 C10,C01 0.1496E+02 1.0000
5 C10,C01,C20,C11,C02 0.9439E+01 1.0000
9 C10,C01,C20,C11,C02, 0.7240E+01 1.0000
C30,C21,C12,C03
The user has chosen 5 term series for which the following constants have been computed
C10 = -0.547267E+00
C01 = 0.699294E+00
C20 = 0.165070E+01
C11 = -0.249608E+01
C02 = 0.845377E+00
*** WARNING *** C02 IS NON-NEGATIVE. September

*** CHECK RESULTS CAREFULLY *** 30, 2001
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Evaluate the Quality of the Mooney-Rivlin Constants:
• The root mean square (RMS error) and the coefficient of
determination (COD) are statistical measures of the quality of
the curve fit.
– The RMS error expressed as a percentage, should be “close” to
zero. The coefficient of determination will be less than 1.0, but
should be “close” to 1.0 (typically 0.99 or better).
• The output file will also contain any warning messages if any
of the constraints were not satisfied for the calculated
Mooney-Rivlin constants.
• In addition to checking the RMS error and the COD, you
should also plot the calculated stress-strain data versus the
experimental stress-strain data (next slide).
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Evaluating and Plotting Calculated M-R Constants:
• There are two steps to this process -
– Calculate Stress and Strain Values
– Graph the Calculated versus the Experimental Values
Evaluate Const…
Number of calculated
stress-strain points
Type of test for

calculated data
Strain Range
Calculated Stress and

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Graph Calculated Values versus Experimental Data
Graph ...
Controls the
strain range of
the graph,
useful for
showing how
the Mooney-
Rivlin model
performs
outside of the
experimental
range.
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Graph Calculated Values versus Experimental Data
– The graph shows the calculated values versus the experimental
values for the range of the experimental data.
Use of /NOERASE,
/XRANGE, /YRANGE
commands may help
visualize super-
imposed graphs of
experimental and
calculated data.
Utility Menu > Erase
Options > Erase
Between Plots
Utility Menu >
PlotCtrls > Style >
Graphs > Modify
Axes…
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Note on Extrapolated Data
• Evaluating the Mooney-Rivlin constants can be used to
evaluate the Mooney-Rivlin model outside of the range of the
experimental data. However, use extrapolated data with
caution! If you do not have enough test data to cover the full
range of stains for your model, get more test data!
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... Arruda-Boyce Curve-Fitting Training Manual

• Unlike Mooney-Rivlin, polynomial form, or Ogden models,
Arruda-Boyce can provide accurate results based on uniaxial
data only.
• The equation for the Arruda-Boyce model is repeated below:
 
Ci i i 1  J 2 -1 
5
W    2 i  2 I1  3    lnJ 
i 1 L d 2 
where the constants C1-C5 are defined as:
1 1 11 19 519
C1  , C2  , C3  , C4  , C5 
2 20 1050 7050 673750
• Three parameters are required: , L, and d.
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• The limit network stretch L can be defined as follows:
– Take uniaxial compression data (true stress vs. stretch ratio)
along the equilibrium curve. The stretch at which stress starts
to increase without limit is limit.
– The limit network limit
stretch can then be
calculated from the
relationship:
1 2 
L  
 limit  
3 limit 
In this particular case
shown on right, limit is
about 0.08. Based on the
equation shown above, L
is calculated to be 2.89.
This agrees well with the
September
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• The initial shear modulus  can be determined as follows:
– Choose a point on the true stress vs. stretch ratio curve, the
values of which are  and . The initial modulus may be
calculated from the following equation:
1
   2  1  2  21 
2 1
 L 
2  1 
3limit   3limit 
2 2 
 
– L(x) = coth(x) - 1/x is the Langevin function, and L -1(x) is the

inverse Langevin function.
– A sample macro to calculate the inverse Langevin is shown on
the next slide.
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! L_inv.inp
Sample input file to
calculate inverse !
!
Obtain the inverse Langevin numerically.
First, fill a table with Langevin(X) & X, where:
Langevin ! column 0 (index column) contains Y=Langevin(X)
! column 1 contains X
! If Y is known, the inverse Langevin of Y is X.
! To obtain X (the inverse Langevin of Y), use the
! interpolation feature of table arrays to define a
! scalar (X) in terms of the table array: X=L_inv(Y,1)
*dim,L_inv,table,100,1
*vfill,L_inv(1,1),ramp,.1,.1
*do,i,1,100,1
y=1/(tanh(.1*i))-1/(.1*i)
L_inv(i,0)=y
*enddo ! i
/axlab,x,Y
/axlab,y,L_inv(Y)
/gcolumn,1,X
*vplot,L_inv(1,0),L_inv(1,1)
/com,Representative inverse Langevin values

x1=L_inv(.4,1)
x2=L_inv(.5,1) September
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• The compressibility parameter d is based on the initial bulk
modulus .
– The bulk modulus can be determined by a volumetric test.
However, if that test data is not available,  can be taken to be
sufficiently large, such as =500. From that, d can be
determined:
2 1
d 
 250 
– Note that, as with all rubber analyses, the bulk modulus usually
has little effect on the results except for situations where the
rubber is highly confined. Assuming d=0 means that the rubber
will be fully incompressible (Mixed U-P must be used, except for
plane stress cases).
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... Example Animation Training Manual

Example animation of a rubber bushing.
Element 185 (B-Bar and Mixed U/P),

with fully-incompressible Mooney-
Rivlin hyperelastic material and rigid- September
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Some general references on Arruda-Boyce model:
1. “A Three-dimensional Constitutive Model for the Large Stretch
Behavior of Rubber Elastic Materials”, E.M. Arruda and M.C.
Boyce, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 41
(2), pp. 389--412 (1993).
2. “Constitutive Modeling of the Large Strain Time-dependent
Behavior of Elastomers”, J.S. Bergstrom and M.C. Boyce,
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 45 (5), pp.
931-954 (1998).
3. “Direct Comparison of the Gent and the Arruda-Boyce
Constitutive Models of Rubber Elasticity”, M.C. Boyce, Rubber
Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 69, pp. 781-785 (1997).
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References for Further Reading Training Manual

Some general references on hyperelasticity:
1. Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures
Vol.1 and 2, M.A. Crisfield, John Wiley & Sons, 1996 & 1997.
2. Nonlinear Elastic Deformations, R.W. Ogden, Dover
Publications, Inc., 1984
3. “A Theory of Large Elastic Deformation”, M. Mooney, Journal of
Applied Physics, Vol. 6, pp. 582-592 (1940).
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ANL 06 Hyperelasticity

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ANL 06 Hyperelasticity

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Chapter Six

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Element 185 (B-Bar), with nearly-

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• The constitutive hyperelastic models are defined through a

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

The above is an example of stretch ratio as defined for

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

I1  12  22  32

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

The elastic volumetric deformation is related to the total and

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Strain Energy Potential

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• The three-term Mooney-Rivlin model is similar to the

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3  c20  I1  3

W  c10  I1  3  c01  I 2  3  c20  I1  3  c11  I1  3 I 2  3

 c02  I 2  3  c30  I1  3  c21  I1  3  I 2  3

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

where the initial bulk and shear moduli are defined as

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• The material inputs will be discussed in the next pages for

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Compressibility is not input via “d” constant, but, instead,

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

– 18x Elements refer to SHELL181, PLANE182/183, SOLID185-187

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

For 18x elements,

For HYPERxx elements,

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Recall that material “Mooney-Rivlin” is for 18x elements only and

* WARNING * CP= 0.219 TIME= 12:50:52

* WARNING * C02 IS NON-NEGATIVE. September