∞

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑥 −∧𝑥 , 𝑥< 0

=𝑎0 + ∑
𝑛=1
( 𝑎 𝑛 cos
𝐿
+ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝐿 )
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
{
¿𝑥 , 𝑥≥0
 

∜ (
 

  2
𝑎 + 𝑏 =𝑐 2 2 lim 1+
Mathematics in the 𝑛 → ∞
√
 

Modern World 𝑛  
𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 𝑘 𝑎 𝑛 −𝑘
( 𝑥+ 𝑎 ) =∑
𝑘 =0
()
𝑘
2
 
𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛 −1 ) 𝑥
( 1+ 𝑥 ) =1+ + +…
Variables

A variable is a placeholder for a numerical

value
If we don’t know what a number is in an
equation, we use a variable to represent the
number
Usually, we then solve the equation to find
out what the value of the variable is
Generally, we usually use “x” for
variables in Algebra
7x= 10 x+4=6
2+x= 12 x+8=9
x is the variable
Variables can use any letter of the
alphabet
“t” is commonly use for time
“a” can be used for acceleration
“v” can be used for velocity
Symbol for a number we don’t know yet
▪  

4x - 7= 5 constants

coefficient variable operator

4x-7=5 x=
4x=5+7 x= 3
4x=12
 Writing Sentences Using Variables
Thirty-two is twice a 32= 2a+8
number increased by
eight.

Twelve is sixteen less 12= 4x-16

than four times a
number.
Jenny is x years old. In X+13= 24
thirteen years she will be
twenty-four years old.

The quotient of fifty and =10

The quotient
five more thanofafifty and
number
five more than a number
is ten.
is ten.
Some Important Kinds of
Mathematical Statements

1. Universal Statements
are those statements that hold true for
all elements of a set
describe ideas that are valid for all
elements within the context
often finds words like “given any” or “for
all”
Some examples of universal statements
are
oFor all values of the element e of the set
of even numbers, e mod 2 = 0;
oGiven an odd number o, o mod 2 = 1
▪The
  mathematical way of representing these
statements are as follows

o e 
o o  o mod   
2. Existential Statements
type of statements usually state that something exists
usually describe ideas that are true for certain elements
contain words like "there exists," "there is at least one," or
"for some“
(On seeing these keywords, one may safely assume that the
statement is existential)
 Another unique characteristic of Existential
Statements is that we only need to find one
element that satisfies the statement in order to
proof it.
▪  
Some examples of existential statements are
▪ There exists a natural number n, such that
n x n = 36
▪ There exists an integer z, such that =25
▪ There is at least one number n, belonging to
a set of Natural numbers, such that a x n = a
 We can express such statement in a more
concise and legible way.

o∃ n ∈ ℕ, ∋ n.n = 36
o∃ n ∈ ℤ, ∋ z2 = 25
o∃ n ∈ ℕ, ∋ a.n = a
A quick reference of the symbols used and their meanings
▪ ∃ - there exists
▪ ∈ - belongs to
▪ ∋ - such that
▪ ℕ - The set of natural numbers 1 to infinity
▪ ℤ - The set of integers { -infinity .... -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .... infinity}
▪ ∀ - For all values of
3. Conditional Statement
has an if-then structure
all conditional statements say
something like, 'If this happens, then that
will occur’
Examples:

If Carlos gets a car, then Lily's dog will be trained.

If Sam eats chocolate ice cream, then Judy eats
double chocolate ice cream.
If a square is a rectangle, then a rectangle is a
quadrilateral.
Combinations of Statements

Universal Existential Statement

A statement that is universal because its first
part says that a certain property is true for all
objects of a given type, and it is existential
because its second part asserts the existence of
something.
▪Examples:
 

Every positive number has a positive square root.

a. All positive numbers have positive square root.
b. For any positive number e , there is a positive
square root for e.
c. For all positive numbers e , there is a positive
number r such that r is the positive square root of
e. (or r = )
All bottles have cap.
a. Every bottle has a cap.
b. For all bottles B, there is a cap for B.
c. For all bottles B, there is a cap C such that C is a
cap for B.
Every nonzero real number has a reciprocal.
a. All nonzero real numbers have a reciprocal.
b. For all nonzero real numbers r , there is a reciprocal
for r.
c. For all nonzero numbers r , there is a real number s
such that s is the reciprocal of r .
Existential Universal Statements
A statement that is existential because
its first part asserts that a certain object
exists and is universal because its second
part says that the object satisfies a certain
property for all things of a certain kind.
Examples:
There is a bird in this flock that is at least as heavy as
every bird in the flock.
a. Some bird in this flock is at least as heavy as every
bird in the flock.
b. There is a bird b in this flock such that b is at least as
heavy as every bird in the flock.
c. There is a bird b in this flock with the property that for
every b in the flock, b is at least as heavy as b .
There is real number whose product with every real
number equals zero.
a. Some real number has the property that its product
with every real number equals zero.
b. There is a real number a such that the product of a
with every real number is zero.
c. There is a real number a with the property that for
every real number b , ab =  .
There is a real number whose product with every
number leaves the number unchanged.
a. Some real number r has the property that its product
with every number leaves the number unchanged.
b. There is a real number r such that the product of r
with every number leaves the number unchanged.
c. There is a real number r with the property that for
every real number s, rs = s .
Universal Conditional Statements
Universal statements contain some
variation of the words “for all” and
conditional statements contain versions of
the word “if-then”. A universal conditional
statement is a statement that is both
universal and conditional.
Important fact
Universal Conditional Statement can
be rewritten in ways that make them
appear to be purely universal or
purely conditional.
Crucial Point
The ability to translate among various
ways of expressing universal
conditional statements is enormously
useful for doing mathematics and
many parts of computer science.
Examples:
For all objects J , if J is a square then J has four sides.
a. All squares have four sides.
b. Every square has four sides.
c. If an object is a square, then it has four sides.
d. If J is a square, then J has four sides.
e. For all squares J , J has four sides.
For all equations E , if E is quadratic then E has at most two
real solutions.
a. All quadratic equations have at most two real solutions.
b. Every quadratic equation has at most two real solutions.
c. If an equation is quadratic, then it has at most two real
solutions.
d. If E is a quadratic equation, then E has at most two real
solutions.
e. For all quadratic equations E , E has at most two real
solutions.
Thank you!