Local Area Networking

Data Communications
 Data Communications
 Is any system of computers, computer terminals
or computer peripheral equipment used to
transmit/receive information between two or
more locations

Access Point

Data network
 Data Network Classifications

 Local Area Networks

ex. Office Computer System
 Metropolitan Area Networks
ex . Bank to bank computer access
 Wide Area Networks
ex. Continental business access
 Global Area Networks
ex. Internet and Satellite Communications
 Data Network Classifications

Local Area Networks

- A data network
covering a relatively
small geographical
area.
 Data Network Classifications

Metropolitan Area Networks

- A data network
designed for a town or city.
In terms of geographic breadth,
MANs are larger than local
area networks (LANs), but
smaller than wide-area
networks (WANs).
 Data Network Classifications

Wide Area Networks

- A data networks that
serve users across a broad
geographic area and often
uses transmission devices
provided by common carriers.
 Data Network Classifications

Global Area Networks

- A data networks
designed to interconnect
computer systems around
the entire globe.
 Networking Media
Copper Media
- Twisted Pair

ex. Unshielded Twisted Pair

 Reason behind twisting
 Cancellation
 Reason behind twisting
 Differential signal generation - 3V
+3V

data data
+3V

Receiving end

Noise at random intervals of time

 Networking Media
(STP)
Twisted Pair

Ex. Shielded Twisted Pair

 Networking Media
 Coaxial Cable
- Thinnet (RG-58) for - Thicknet (RG-8 or RG-11)
10Base2 ethernet network 10Base5 ethernet network

RG-58 Cable RG-8 Cable RG-11 Cable

 Networking Media
Optical Media
- Fiber Optic Cable
ex. Single Mode FOC
 Networking Media
Optical Media
- Fiber Optic Cable
ex. Multimode FOC
 Most Commonly Used Medium
In Local Area Networking
 Twisted Pair
- UTP Cat 5 and above

Now CAT 7 is ready for system upgrade

 Unshielded Twisted Pair
 The following summarizes the features of UTP Cable:

 SPEED AND THROUGHPUT = 10 to 1000 Mbps

 AVERAGE COST PER NODE = Least expensive

 MEDIA AND CONNECTOR SIZE = Small

 MAXIMUM CABLE LENGTH = 100 m

 UTP Cabling Types
 Cat 1 – Used for telephone communication
 Cat 2 – Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4
Mbps
 Cat 3 – Used in 10BASET ethernet at speeds up to 10
Mbps
 Cat 4 – Used in Token Ring Networks at speeds up to 16
Mbps
 Cat 5 – Used in Fast ethernet at speeds up to 100 Mbps
 Cat 5e – Gigabit Ethernet speeds up to 1000 Mbps
 Cat 6 – Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet
 Cat 7 – Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet and above
 UTP Implementation
 Cable Specification or Standards are set of rules or procedures
that are widely used and serve as the accepted method of
performing a task.

A. TIA/EIA-568-A
- This is a commercial building standard for telecommunications
pathways and spaces.

RJ45 connector
 UTP Implementation
A. TIA/EIA-568-B
- This is a commercial building telecommunication cabling
standard.
- This standard focuses on horizontal cabling from wall outlet
to the work area to a wiring closet.

RJ45 connector
 UTP Implementation
 Types of UTP Network Cable
a. Straight-through cable – a cable that maintains the pin
connection.
 UTP Implementation
Applications of a straight-through cable

a. Switch to router

b. Switch to PC or server

c. Hub to PC or router
 UTP Implementation
b. Crossover cable – a cable that crosses the critical pair to
properly align, transmit and receive signals on the device
with line connection.
 UTP Implementation
Applications of a crossover cable

a. Switch to switch
b. Switch to hub
c. Hub to hub
d. Router to PC
e. PC to PC
f. Router to router
 UTP Implementation
Pin Locations on RJ45 Connectors

TIA/EIA-568-A
TIA/EIA-568-B

Pin-outs
1 = White Orange
Green
2 = Orange
Green
3 = White Green
Orange
4 = Blue
5 = White Blue
6 = Green
Orange
7 = White Brown
8 = Brown
 UTP Implementation
Pin Outs on RJ45 Connectors

TIA/EIA-568-A
TIA/EIA-568-B

Pin-outs
Green ----------------RD/TD
1 = White Orange - RD/TD ++
Green - - - - - - - - - - - - - -RD/TD
2 = Orange - RD/TD- -
3 = White Green
Orange- - - - - - - - -TD/RD
- - -TD/RD+ +
4 = Blue
5 = White Blue
6 = Green
Orange- - - - - - - - - - - - - TD/RD - -
- - TD/RD
7 = White Brown
8 = Brown

 RD – RECEIVE SIGNAL PINS 4,5,7,8 ARE HAVING NO CONNECTION

 TD – TRANSMIT SIGNAL
 UTP Implementation
Pin Locations on RJ45 Connectors

STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE CROSSOVER CABLE

1 RD + 1 TD + 1 RD + 1 TD +

2 RD – 2 TD – 2 RD – 2 TD –

3 TD + 3 RD + 3 TD + 3 RD +
4 NC
5 NC
4 NC 4 NC 4 NC 6 RD -
5 NC 5 NC 5 NC 7 NC
6 TD - 6 RD - 6 TD - 8 NC
7 NC 7 NC 7 NC
 UTP Implementation
Pin Locations on RJ45 Connectors

 Ethernet Standards for RJ45 Connector

Only Pairs 2 and 3 are used when having an Ethernet except Gigabit E
 Networking Connectors
 Copper Media Connectors
 Twisted Pair Cable Connectors and Jacks
ex. RJ45 male jack ex. RJ45 module female jack
 Networking Connectors
 Twisted Pair Connectors (communication cables, 25-pair cables)
ex UY Connectors
 Networking Connectors
 Coaxial Cable Connectors

F type connector

T connector PL-259
 Networking Connectors
 Optical Media Connectors
- Fiber Optic Cable Connectors
ST- Connector SC - Connector
 Computer H Computer X
With a broadband connection Has a WLAN connection

Sent : hi!

Received: hi!

- A structural guideline for information transfer

- A great compatibility and interoperability among various
types of network technologies.
 O S I LAYER MODEL
 The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI
Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a reference model
provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater
compatibility and interoperability among various types of
network technologies that were produced by many companies
around the world.
 Is a primary model used as a guideline for network
communications
 It defines the network functions that occur at each layer
 It is a framework that facilitates an understanding of how
information travels throughout a network.
7 OSI Layer Models
Computer A Computer X
PHYSICAL LAYER
Layer 1
- The Physical layer
defines all the electrical and
physical specifications for
devices. This includes the
Layer 7 Layer 7 layout of pins, voltages, and
Layer 6 Layer 6 cable specifications.
Layer 5 Layer 5 DATA LINK LAYER
Layer 2
Layer 4 Layer 4 - The Data Link layer
Layer 3 Layer 3 provides the functional and
procedural means to transfer
Layer 2 Layer 2 data between network entities
Layer 1 Layer 1 and to detect and possibly
correct errors that may occur in
For data to travel from the source to the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the Physical layer.
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Network Layer
Layer 3
- The Network layer
provides the functional and
procedural means of
transferring variable length
Layer 7 Layer 7 data sequences from a
Layer 6 Layer 6 source to a destination via
one or more networks while
Layer 5 Layer 5 maintaining the quality of
Layer 4 Layer 4 service requested by the
Transport layer.
Layer 3 Layer 3
Layer 2 Layer 2
Layer 1 Layer 1
For data to travel from the source to the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Transport Layer
Layer 4
- The Transport layer
provides transparent transfer
of data between end users,
thus relieving the upper layers
Layer 7 Layer 7 from any concern while
Layer 6 Layer 6 providing reliable and cost-
effective data transfer.
Layer 5 Layer 5
Layer 4 Layer 4 Session Layer
Layer 5
Layer 3 Layer 3 - The Session layer
Layer 2 Layer 2 controls the dialogues
(sessions) between
Layer 1 Layer 1 computers. It establishes,
For data to travel from the source to the manages and terminates the
destination, each layer of the OSI model at connections between the
the source must communicate with its peer local and remote application.
layer at the destination
Computer A Computer X
Presentation Layer
Layer 6
- Ensures the information
that the application layer of
one system sends out can be
read by the application layer
Layer 7 Layer 7 of another system.
Layer 6 Layer 6
Layer 5 Layer 5 Application Layer
Layer 4 Layer 4 Layer 7
- The Application layer is
Layer 3 Layer 3 closest to the end user. It
Layer 2 Layer 2 provides a means for the user
to access information on the
Layer 1 Layer 1 network through an
For data to travel from the source to the application.
destination, each layer of the OSI model at
the source must communicate with its peer
layer at the destination
 Networking Devices
 Repeaters
- a device that simply regenerate or amplify the
network signals at the bit level.
- Layer 1 of the OSI model dependent
 Networking Devices
 Hub
- a common connection point of the network and
simply act as a repeater.
- multiport repeater device Layer 1 dependent
 Networking Devices
 Bridge
- A device use to create 2 or more LAN segments,
each of which is a separate collision domain.
- Filters network traffic by simply seeing the MAC
address. A layer 2 device
MAC address table A W F D
LAN 1

A
W Q
F MAC address = A, W , F , D
M
D K Q M K B
B LAN 2

MAC address = Q, M , K , B
Q
S P O N M
K
LAN 3 B

S
P
MAC address = S, P , O , N O
N
 Networking Devices
 Switches
- Are data link layer devices that let multiple
LAN segments be interconnected into single
networks. A layer 2 device same as bridge.
 Networking Devices
 Router
- is an internetworking device that passes data
packets between networks based on Layer 3 addresses.
- makes decisions regarding the best path for delivery
of data on the network.
 Network Topologies
(most common topologies)

 STAR – a multipoint data network where

stations are connected by a cable directly to
a central common concentration point.
 Network Topologies
(most common topologies)

 BUS – multipoint data network that makes it relatively simple to

control data flow between and among the computers because this
configuration allows all station to receive every transmission over
the network
D F

X V
 Network Topologies
(most common topologies)

 RING – multipoint data network where all the stations

are connected in series to form a close loop circle.
Computer D

Transmission is UNIDIRECTIONAL
Computer Z Computer x

Each device waits for its

turn to send
Computer E
 LAN Transmission Formats
TRANSMISSION IS SIMPLY A DATA TRANSFER

 Baseband Technology

- A type of data transmission in which digital or

analog data is sent over a single unmultiplexed
channel, such as an Ethernet LAN. Baseband
transmission use TDM to send simultaneous bits
of data along the full bandwidth of the
transmission channel.
 LAN Transmission Formats
 Broadband Technology

- Broadband transmission formats use the

connecting media as a multichannel device with
each channel occupies a different frequency
band within the total allocated bandwidth.
 Workstation and Server
Relationships
 Peer-to-peer network (workgroup PC)
- a networked computer that acts as equal partners, or peers, to
each other.
- each computer with in the network can take on the client function
or the server function.
At another time:
At one time: Requests a file
Requests a print

Computer A Computer B
 Workstation and Server
Relationships
 Client-Server Network
- in a client-server arrangement, network services are located on a
dedicated computer called a server, which responds to the request
of clients.

workstations server
File
Print
internet
 GLOSSARY
 ACCESS POINT - In a wireless local area network (WLAN), an access point is a
station that transmits and receives data (sometimes referred to as a transceiver).
 BANDWIDTH – The total allowable information that can pass through the medium.
 BITS - A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.
 COAXIAL CABLE - A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by
insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes electrical
and radio frequency interference.
 DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL – A signal that is only its mirror image of each other.
 ETHERNET – A common LAN specification or standard for designing or
implementation.
 FDM - Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a scheme in which numerous signals
are combined for transmission on a single communications line or channel. Each
signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel.
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE - A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to
transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which
is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves.
 FRAMES - In telecommunications, a frame is data that is transmitted between
network points as a unit complete with addressing and necessary protocol control
information.
 INTEROPERABILITY – The ability of software/hardware in different machines from
different vendors to share data.
 GLOSSARY
 MAC ADDRESS - In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC
(Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware
number. (On an Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.)
 MAGNETIC FIELD – A field that is generated when electric charge carriers
such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor.
 MEDIA/MEDIUM – Any matter that is used to have a data transfer from one
point to another.
 MULTI-MODE FIBER CABLE – A fiber cable allows multiple paths of light to
propagate through the fiber optic core.
 MULTIPLEX - Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of
information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex
signal and then recovering the separate signals at the receiving end.
 NOISE – Unwanted signal present in the information signal
 PACKETS - A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and
a destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network.
 RJ-45 – A registered jack is a physical interface often used for terminating
twisted pair type cables.
 GLOSSARY
 SC CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a push-pull latching
mechanism similar to common audio and video cables. For multimode fiber.
 SINGLE-MODE FIBER CABLE – Uses only one mode of light to propagate through
the fiber optic core.
 ST CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a bayonet plug and
socket. It was the first de facto standard connector for most commercial wiring. For
Single-mode fiber
 TDM - Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams
in a single signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very
short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end
based on the timing.
 THROUGHPUT – The actual received information of the medium in a given time.
 TIA/EIA – Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association
 TWISTED PAIR CABLE - A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated
wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to
reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.