Thermodynamics

Dr. Asiri Indrajith

Asiri.Kulathunga@gmail.com

0716367129

9/14/21
 Introduction

Outline

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics

2. Temperature and temperature measurements
3. Process, cyclic process and graphical representation
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamics
Science of temperature

Temperature
Unit use to differentiate the relative hotness between bodies

Thermal equilibrium
When two bodies are at different temperature are brought into contact, sometime later they attain a
common temperature. In that state we say both bodies are in thermal equilibrium. No heat transfer
between bodies
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

“if two systems are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they
are in thermal equilibrium with each other”

When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B , and also separately

with a body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

A A B

B C C
In thermal In thermal In thermal
equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Temperature measurement procedure

• A reference body is used, and a certain physical characteristic
of this body which changes with temperature is used.
• The changes of this selected characteristic is taken as an
indication of changes in temperature. The selected
characteristic is called the thermometric property.
• Expansion of mercury in the tube is used as the thermometric
property.
• The reference body which is used in the determination of
temperature is called the thermometer.
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Temperature measurement procedure

Thermometer Thermometer

35.16 40.25

A A
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Temperature measurement procedure

Thermometer

When two objects are in thermodynamic

equilibrium with a third object, they are
in equilibrium with each other
Object 2 Object 3
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermometer and thermometric property

Thermometer and thermometric property
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

An easily reproducible state of an arbitrary chosen standard is called a fixed point.
• The ice point , the temperature at which pure ice coexisted in equilibrium with air
saturated water at one atmospheric pressure

• The steam point, the temperature of equilibrium between pure water and pure steam at one
atmospheric pressure

• The triple point of water, the state at which ice, liquid water and water vapor coexist in
equilibrium. (273 K)
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Process, cyclic process and graphical representation

A state variable describes the state of a system at time t, but it does not reveals how the system was Put
into that state. Examples of state variables; pressure, temperature, volume, number of moles and internal
energy.

Thermal processes can change the state of a system

We assume that thermal processes have no friction or other dissipative

forces.
In other words: all processes are reversible
( Reversible means that it is possible to return system and surrounding to
the initial state)
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Process, cyclic process and graphical representation

PV diagram can be used to represent the state changes of a system, provided the system is always near
equilibrium.
 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Process, cyclic process and graphical representation

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Process, cyclic process and graphical representation

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Process, cyclic process and graphical representation

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic process for an ideal gas

 Introduction

Thank you