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Chemical Bonding: Alvan F. Shalas, M.Farm., Apt
Chemical Bonding: Alvan F. Shalas, M.Farm., Apt
Chemical Bonding: Alvan F. Shalas, M.Farm., Apt
(1) Ionic bonding results from electrostatic interactions among ions, the result
of the net transfer of one or more electrons from one atom or group of
atoms to another.
• Compounds containing predominantly ionic bonding are called ionic compounds
(2) Covalent bonding results from the sharing of one or more electron pairs
between two atoms.
• Those that are held together mainly by covalent bonds are called covalent compounds
INTRODUCTION
LEWIS DOT FORMULAS OF ATOMS
• Chemical bonding involves only
the valence electrons, which
are usually the electrons in the
outermost occupied shells.
• In LEWIS DOT
REPRESENTATIONS/ LEWIS
FORMULA/ LEWIS DOT
FORMULA, only the electrons
in the outermost occupied s
and p orbitals are shown as
dots
• We represent an electron pair as a pair of dots and an unpaired electron as a single dot.
• Because of the large numbers of dots, such formulas are not useful for compounds of the
transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides.
IONIC BONDING
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
• All the Group 1A metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) will react
with the Group 7A elements (F, Cl, Br, I) to form ionic
compounds of the same general formula, MX.
• All the resulting ions, M+ and X-, have noble gas
configurations
• The farther apart across the periodic table two
elements are, the more ionic their bonding will be
IONIC BONDING
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
IONIC BONDING
FORMATION OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
COVALENT BONDING
A COVALENT BOND is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Covalent bonding occurs when the electronegativity difference, Δ(EN), between elements
(atoms) is zero or relatively small
• The result of this sharing is that each atom attains a more stable electron configuration—frequently the
same as that of the Nearest noble gas. This results in a more stable arrangement for the bonded atoms
• Most covalent bonds involve sharing of two, four, or six electrons—that is, one, two, or three pairs of
electrons.
• Two atoms form a single covalent bond when they share one pair of electrons,
• Double covalent bond when they share two electron pairs
• Triple covalent bond when they share three electron pairs.
COVALENT BONDING
Formation of Covalent Bonds
COVALENT BONDING
COVALENT BONDING
Bond Lengths and Bond Energies
EXERCISE
Example:
Carbon valence electrons :4
Carbon bonding electrons :8
Carbon nonbonding electrons : 0
For carbon :
Formal charge = 4 − 8/2 − 0 = 0
Exercise:
1. Assign formal charges to, the atoms in nitrosyl chloride, NOCl !
COVALENT BONDING
Limitations of the Octet Rule
BeCl 2
COVALENT BONDING
Limitations of the Octet Rule
BCl 3
COVALENT BONDING
Limitations of the Octet Rule
COVALENT BONDING
Limitations of the Octet Rule
PF 5
COVALENT BONDING
Resonance
• The three structures shown here are resonance structures of the carbonate ion.
• The relationship among them is indicated by the double-headed arrows ( )
• This symbol does not mean that the ion flips back and forth among these three structures.
• The true structure can be described as an average, or hybrid, of the three
COVALENT BONDING
Resonance
“Most bonds are neither fully ionic nor fully covalent but
are somewhere between the two extremes”
> 2 Ionic
δ : Parsial Charge
COVALENT BONDING
Dipole Moment