WAVES, LIGHT &

ELECTROMAGNETISM
PREPARED BY: GROUP 3
NATURE OF WAVES
WHAT IS A WAVE?
• A wave is any disturbance that travels through a medium, transporting
energy from one location to another location.

• A medium is the substance through which a wave can propagate. For

example: Water is the medium of ocean waves, air is the medium
through which we hear sound waves, and the electric and magnetic
fields are the medium of light. A medium can be a solid, liquid, or
gas.
RENZO CRUZ
• Waves are commonly caused by wind. Wind-driven waves, or
surface waves, are created by the friction between wind and surface
water.

• Waves use energy to do work on everything in its path. That's why

surfers can ride ocean ripples.

• Waves are everywhere: they are a part of our daily lives, in and out
of the water.

NICOLE SOLIS
MECHANICAL WAVE
- a wave which is not capable of transmitting its energy through vacuum.

Example of mechanical waves are the ff:

• ripples on the water surface (water waves),
• sound waves, and
• seismic waves.

TWO TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

• Transverse waves
• Compressional waves.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
- waves that do not require a medium to transmit energy.

Example: •
microwaves,
• tv,
• x-rays,
• and radio signals,
• visible light,
• infrared,
• and ultraviolet rays.
 TYPES OF WAVES
Waves can be classifies based on the direction that the particles of the medium vibrate
compared to the direction in which the waves travel. Two main types of waves are transverse
and longitudinal. If found in combination is called a surface wave.

1. Transverse waves- Waves that have particles that vibrate in an up and down
motion moving the waves across in a perpendicular manner to which the wave is
travelling.
2. Longitudinal waves- Longitudinal waves are also called as compressional waves.
Waves that has particles that vibrate back and forth along the same path that waves
travels.

 COMPRESSION is when the particles are tightly push together.

 REFRACTION is when the particles are spread farther apart.

 Seismic Waves- Seismic waves are a combination of compressional and

transverse waves. They can travel through Earth and along Earth’s surface. The
more the crust moves during an earthquake, the more energy is released.
  
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVES
 Crest- highest point of the wave

 Trough- lowest point of the wave

 Wavelength- distance from one crest/trough to the next

 Wave height- height from trough to crest

 Wave steepness- ratio of wave height to wavelength

 Amplitude- distance from the centre of wave to the bottom of the trough

 Wave period- time for one full wavelength to

BILLY ORDONEZ
pass a given point.
NATURE OF LIGHT
WHAT IS LIGHT?
• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength which
can be detected by the human eye. It is a small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum and radiation given off by stars like the sun.
Light exists in tiny energy packets called photons. Each wave has a
wavelength or frequency.

NATURAL SOURCES OF LIGHT INCLUDE OUR SUN AND OTHER STARS

KHINNETH TANGALIN
 PHOTONS
are the only things that humans can directly see. A photon is a bit of light. Human eyes
are specifically designed to detect light. This happens when a photon enters the eye and
is absorbed by one of the rod or cone cells that cover the retina on the inner back surface
of the eye.

 From a BIOLOGICAL STANDPOINT, light is energy that activates the human eye and
brain. It is the combination of the brain, eye and light that provides sight.

 In physics, there are two theories by which light can be defined:

1. The first theory defines light as particles and the second theory as waves.

2. The second theory is the most suitable to explain light because it states that an
expanding sphere of light behaves as if each point on the wave front were a new
source of radiation of the same frequency and phase.
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF LIGHT?
- Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the typical
human. The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments on
diffraction and interference.
.
• Like all electromagnetic waves, light can travel through a vacuum and many
other media. In vacuum, the speed is a constant , c=3*10^8 m/s
• The transverse nature of light can be demonstrated through polarization.
• Light is sometimes also known as visible light to contrast it from "ultraviolet light"
and "infrared light".

• Other forms of electromagnetic radiation that are not visible to humans are sometimes
also known informally as "light"

 Light is produced by one of two methods:

1. INCANDESCENCE is the emission of light from "hot" matter (T ≳ 800 K).

2. LUMINESCENCE is the emission of light when excited electrons fall to lower
energy levels (in matter that may or may not be "hot").
 LIGHT IS A UNIVERSAL CONSTANT
• There are no known factors that affect the speed of light in a vacuum.

• Light is also the speed of all other electromagnetic waves in a vacuum

• The amplitude of a light wave is related to its intensity.

• Intensity is the absolute measure of a light wave's power density.

ALYSSA SAMSON
• Brightness is the relative intensity as perceived by the typical
human eye.

• The frequency of a light wave is related to it’s color.

• Monochromatic light can be described by only one frequency.

• Laser light is very nearly monochromatic

• There are six simple, named spectral colors in English each
associated with a band of monochromatic light. In order of
increasing frequency, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
and violet.

• The number of named spectral colors and their range of

frequencies vary with culture and person.
 POLYCHROMATIC LIGHT
IS COMPOSED OF MULTIPLE FREQUENCIES

• Polychromatic light is more common in everyday experience.

• Polychromatic mixtures of light waves with special color names include…
• Grayscale mixtures: white (high intensity), gray (medium intensity), black
(low intensity)
• Grayscale averaged with spectral colors: pink (white + red), brown (black
+ orange), etc.

DIANA GROSPE
• Grayscale minus spectral colors: (white − red), magenta
(white − green), yellow (white − blue)

• Purple is the color name assigned to combinations of red

and violet light waves.

• Color is such a complex topic that it has its own section in

this book.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT

• The amplitude of a light wave is related to its intensity.

• The frequency of a light wave is related to its color.

• The wave length of a light wave is inversely proportional to its frequency.

• Phase difference between light waves can produces visible interference

effects.
GEMWIL ABRANILLA
 INTERACTION OF
LIGHT WITH MATTER
LIGHT–MATTER INTERACTIONS
- are a result of an oscillating electromagnetic field resonantly
interacting with charged particles in the matter, most often
bound electrons. This makes an accurate description of the
underlying physical process governing the interaction of light
and matter important.
ANDREA JABONILLO
&
EMMAN MAPUA
 FOUR MAJOR WAYS
LIGHT AND MATTER CAN INTERACT
1. EMISSION - matter release energy (E) as light

2. ABSORPTION - matter takes E from light

3. TRANSMISSION - matter allows light to pass

4. REFLECTION - matter repels light in another direction

ASKY
SCATTERING – MATTER REDIRECTS OR SCATTERS LIGHT
SENTINELLAR
 • Interactions between light and matter determine the
appearance of everything around us.

WHAT IS LIGHT?
- Light can act either like a wave or like a particle.

• Particles of light are called photons. Each photon has a wavelength

and a frequency. The energy of a photon depends on its frequency.

RANDY LOSORATA
• Polarization describes the direction in which a light
wave is vibrating.

• Reflection can change the polarization of light.

• Polarized sunglasses block light that reflects off of

horizontal surfaces
BRIEF HISTORY OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
is an area of physics which involves the study of the
electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction
that occurs between electrically charged particles.

SYRA CALAMIONG
• Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of "lodestones,"
natural magnets of iron-rich ore.
- It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and
scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle
at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earth's
magnetic field.
 HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
• a professor of science at Copenhagen University
in 1820.

• He planned to demonstrate the heating of a

wire by an electric current, and also to carry
out demonstrations of magnetism, for which
he provided a compass needle mounted on a
wooden stand.

 (14 AUGUST 1777 – 9 MARCH 1851) CARLO JOVELLANOS

• While performing his electric demonstration, Oersted noted to
his surprise that every time the electric current was switched
on, the compass needle moved. He kept quiet and finished the
demonstrations, but in the months that followed worked hard
trying to make sense out of the new phenomenon.
 ANDRE MARIE AMPERE

• Andre Marie Ampere in France felt that if a

current in a wire exerted a magnetic force on a
compass needle, two such wires also should
interact magnetically. In a series of ingenious
experiments, Andre Marie Ampere showed that
this interaction was simple and fundamental:
parallel (straight) currents attract, anti-parallel
currents repel.

(20 JANUARY 1775- 10 JUNE 1836)

SHORTENED VERSION:

 1770-90 Cavendish and Coulomb establish foundations of

electrostatics

 1820 Oersted makes connection between flowing charge and

magnetism

 1820s Ampere identifies currents as the source of all magnetism

(even permanent magnets)
JOSH VILLACOSTA
 1831 Faraday (also Henry) discovers that time varying
magnetic fields serve as sources for electric fields

 1864 Maxwell summarizes the past works

 1887Hertz demonstrates existence of electromagnetic

radiation
WAVES, LIGHT &
ELECTROMAGNETISM
PREPARED BY: GROUP 3

JOVELLANOS, CARLO ARTURO SENTINELLAR, ASKY ORDONEZ, BILLY

SOLIS, NICOLE MAPUA, EMMAN JABONILLO, ANDREA
TANGALIN, KHINNETH MAE VILLACOSTA, JOSH
GROSPE, DIANA LOSORATA, RANDY
SAMSON, ALYSSA MAE CRUZ, RENZO
ABRANILLA, GEMWIL CALAMIONG, SYRA