That’s my

Trait!
Trait Survey!!!

–Identify some of your traits that

you DOMINANTLY and
RECESSIVELY inherited from
your mother and father.
Let’s explore
Genetics and
Heredity
 What is the
difference between
HEREDITY and
GENETICS?
Throwback
Thursday!
Who started the principles of
Inheritance?
Character
versus
Trait
 Each of the characters Mendel
studied occurred in two distinct
forms.

Created true- Crossed two

breeding varieties different true-
of plants breeding varieties
 The parental

HYBRIDS
plants are the P
generation.
Their hybrid
–are the offspring are
offspring of
two the
F1 generation.
different true-breeding
A cross of the
F1 plants forms
varieties. the F2
generation
 FIRST LAW OF
MENDEL:

SEGREGATION
The Law of Segregation talks about the:
Mendel developed four hypotheses from the monohybrid
cross:
Mendel developed four hypotheses from the monohybrid
cross:
Mendel developed four hypotheses from the monohybrid
cross:
Mendel developed four hypotheses from the monohybrid
cross:
 Genotype
– The gene pair an individual carries for a particular trait
symbolized with a pair of letters.
– By convention, uppercase letter (eg. A) for a dominant
allele and lowercase letter (eg. a) for the recessive allele.
– Any letter in the alphabet may be used
 Homozygous Heterozygous, i.e.
dominant, i.e. with two with a dominant and
dominant alleles (DD) recessive allele (Dd).

The individual will Homozygous recessive,

show the dominant i.e. with two recessive
phenotype. alleles (dd)
 Phenotype
A. The observable trait of an individual based on its
genotype.
– Examples: red flower, curly hair, blood types ( i.e. the
blood type is the phenotype)
 A trait that requir
Dominant Phenotype least one domin
allele for the trai
B. For a typicalbe
Mendelian
expressed, e.g
trait, phenotypes may
either be: A trait that requires
recessive alleles fo
Recessive
Try This!
1. Mario who has black eyes (BB) is
married to Benjielyn with brown eyes (bb).
What would be their possible offspring? Do
this by applying the monohybrid cross.
Assignment
2. One of their offspring has a phenotype
of black eyes and a genotype of (Bb) who
is married to Jenny with Black eyes (Bb).
What would be the genotype and
phenotype ratio of their offspring?
INFORMATION
INVENTORY
 REVIEW
(F1 Generation)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
SECOND LAW OF
MENDEL:

INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
Pedigree
Analysis
Pedigree
– Making use of diagrams showing
the ancestral relationships and
transmission of genetic traits over
several generations in a family
– Family Pedigree
– Shows the history of a trait in a family.
– Allows geneticists to analyze human traits.
 Symbols for creating pedigrees

– I. Male (square) vs female (circle)

– II. Affected (shaded) vs unaffected (unshaded)
individual
– III. Marriage/mating line (line connecting mates)
vs. sibship line (line connecting siblings)
 Symbols for creating pedigrees

– IV. Fraternal twins (one birthline branching out into the

individual twin) vs. identical twins (same as fraternal twins
but with a horizontal bar connecting the branches)
– V. Generation (Roman numerals) vs. individuals in the
same generation, counting left to right (designated by
HinduArabic numerals)
– VI. Proband (arrow)
 Proband
– The individual in the pedigree that led to the construction of the
pedigree/ an individual affected with a disorder.
– For example, a couple consults a medical geneticist because they have
an offspring who is afflicted with a disease and they want to find out
the mode of transmission of this disease. When the medical geneticist
constructs the pedigree, the offspring will be labeled as the proband.
Through the pedigree, the probability of having other affected children
may be determined.
Identical twins
– Also known as monozygotic twins, which
are derived from a single fertilization event.
– After the first cleavage or cell division of the
zygote, the cells or blastomeres separate
and become independent blastocysts
implanted in the mother’s uterus.
Fraternal twins
– Twins that are derived from separate
fertilization events (two eggs fertilized
by two sperms) within the fallopian
tube, resulting in two separate zygotes;
– also known as dizygotic twins
 Use of Pedigree Analysis
– is used to study the inheritance of genes in
humans
– is useful when studying any population when
progeny data from several generations is limited.
– is useful when studying species with a long
generation time.
 Use of Pedigree analysis
–I. Describe the mode of inheritance of a
trait
–II. Calculate the probability of
occurrence of an affected offspring in a
given cross
First generation
(grandparents)
Ff Ff ff Ff

Second generation
(parents, aunts, and
uncles)
FF ff ff Ff Ff ff
or
Ff
Third generation
(brother and
sister)
ff FF
or
Ff

Female Male

Attached
Free
Figure 9.13
What to expect in a human pedigree?

– I. For autosomal dominant trait: Two

affected individuals can have a normal
offspring
– II. For autosomal recessive trait: Two
affected individuals can NEVER have a
normal offspring
 PRACTICE (25 MINUTES)

– 1. Divide learners into groups of four.

– 2. Provide copies of four sample pedigrees.
– 3. For each pedigree, answer the following questions.
I. Identify the mode of inheritance
II. Write down the genotypes of specific individuals
III. Compute for the probability of having an affected
offspring
PERFORMANCE TASK

– 1. As a homework, assign each learner to construct a pedigree of an authentic

family using any of the following traits:
– I. With (dominant) or without finger hair (recessive)
– II. Normal (dominant) or hitchhiker’s thumb (recessive)
– III. Widow’s peak (dominant) or straight hairline (recessive)
– IV. Free (dominant) or attached earlobe (recessive)
– V. Curly (dominant), wavy (heterozygous) or straight (recessive) hair
– 2. B. Where possible, determine the genotypes of every individual in the family
 What is ABO Blood
Group?
Why is Type O
considered universal
donor? And Type AB as
universal receiver?
 Donate and Receive

• A person with type A blood can donate blood to a person with type A or type AB. A person
with type B blood can donate blood to a person with type B or type AB. A person with type
AB blood can donate blood to a person with type AB only. A person with type O blood can
donate to anyone.

DONOR DONEE/RECEIVER
Blood Type A A, AB
Blood Type B B, AB
Blood Type AB AB
Blood Type O Anyone
 Donate and Receive

• A person with type A blood can receive blood from a person with type A or type O. A person
with type B blood can receive blood from a person with type B or type O. A person with type
AB blood can receive blood from anyone. A person with type O blood can receive blood from
a person with type O.

RECEIVER DONOR
Blood Type A A, O
Blood Type B B, O
Blood Type AB anyone
Blood Type O O
 ABO INHERITANCE

T2 Mom
Dad = A/O
and
B O
Mom = B/O

A A/B A/O
Dad
O O/B O/O
 What is SEX
CHROMOSOME?
 Sex Determination in Humans

• Sex chromosomes influence the

inheritance of certain traits.
– Nearly all mammals have a pair of sex
chromosomes designated X and Y.
• Males have an X and Y.
• Females have XX.
• Human males and females both have 44
autosomes (chromosomes other than sex
chromosomes)
 Male Female
44 Somatic 44
 cells 
XY XX

22 22 22
  
X Y X
Sperm Egg

44 44
 
XX Offspring XY

Female Male

Figure 9.29