SALT

WAN NOOR AFIFAH BT WAN YUSOFF

 Your Previous Knowledge

Chemical properties of acids

•Acid + Base SALT + Water
•Acid + Metal SALT + Hydrogen
•Acid + carbonate SALT + Water
+Carbon
dioxide
 Acid Salt
Mg
H NO3 Mg (NO3)2

Acid Salt
MgCO3
H Cl Mg Cl2
 Acid Salt
MgO Mg SO4
H2 SO4

Acid Salt
KOH K Cl
H Cl
 SALT

•Saltsare ionic compounds formed when

hydrogen ion from acid is replaced with
metal ion or ammonium ion

Example of salt : sodium chloride,

copper(II) sulphate and potassium nitrate.
 SALT
metal Sulphate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt
ions (H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3) (H2CO3)
Na+
K+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Ag+
NH4+
Ba2+
 SALT
Metal Sulphate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt
ion (H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3) (H2CO3)
Na+ Na2SO4 NaCl NaNO3 Na2CO3
K+ K2SO4 KCl KNO3 K2CO3
Mg2+ MgSO4 MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 MgCO3
Ca2+ CaSO4 CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CaCO3
Al3+ Al2 (SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(CO3)3
Zn2+ ZnSO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnCO3
Fe2+ FeSO4 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeCO3
Pb2+ PbSO4 PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2 PbCO3
Cu2+ CuSO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuCO3
Ag+ Ag2SO4 AgCl AgNO3 Ag2CO3
NH4+ (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4) 2CO3
Ba2+ BaSO4 BaCl2 Ba(NO3)2 BaCO3
 SALT
SOLUBILITY OF SALT

 All K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble.

 All nitrate salts are soluble.
 All carbonate salts are not soluble except K2CO3,
Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3.
 All sulphate salts are soluble except CaSO4, PbSO4
and BaSO4.
• All chloride salts are soluble except PbCl2 and AgCl
Metal Sulfate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt
ion (H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3) (H2CO3)

Na+ Na2SO4 NaCl NaNO3 Na2CO3

K+ K2SO4 KCl KNO3 K2CO3
Mg2+ MgSO4 MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2 MgCO3
Ca2+ CaSO4 CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CaCO3
Al3+ Al2 (SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al2(NO3)3 Al2(CO3)3
Zn2+ ZnSO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnCO3

Fe2+ FeSO4 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeCO3

Pb2+ PbSO4 PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2 PbCO3
Cu2+ CuSO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuCO3
Ag+ Ag2SO4 AgCl AgNO3 Ag2CO3
NH4+ (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4) 2CO3
Ba2+ BaSO4 BaCl2 Ba(NO3)2 BaCO3
PREPARATION OF SALT
Method I
Preparation of soluble salts of potassium,
sodium and ammonium
Method II
Preparation of soluble salts other potassium,
sodium and ammonium
Method III
Preparation of insoluble salt
Metal Sulfate salt Chloride salt Nitrate salt Carbonate salt
ion (H2SO4) (HCl) (HNO3) (H2CO3)
Na+ Na2SO4 NaCl NaNO3 Na2CO3
K+ K2SO4 KCl KNO3 K2CO3
Mg2+ MgSO4 MgCl2 ► Mg(NO3)2 MgCO3
Ca2+ CaSO4 CaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CaCO3
Al3+ Al2 (SO4 )3 AlCl3 Al2(NO3)3 Al2(CO3)3
Zn2+ ZnSO4 ZnCl2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnCO3
Fe2+ FeSO4 FeCl2 Fe(NO3)2 FeCO3
Pb2+ PbSO4 PbCl2 Pb(NO3)2 PbCO3
Cu2+ CuSO4 CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2 CuCO3
Ag+ Ag2SO4 AgCl AgNO3 Ag2CO3
NH4+ (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4) 2CO3
Ba2+ BaSO4 BaCl2 Ba(NO3)2 BaCO3
 PREPARATION OF SALT
PREPARATION OF SALT
METHOD III

SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
METHOD I METHOD II ►

Double decomposition reaction (precipitation)

K , Na , NH
+ + +
4
Other than K+,
Na+, NH4+ salt
Mix two solutions containing cation
Acid + Alkali  salt + H2O and anion of insoluble salt
Stir with glass rod
Acid + metal  salt + hydrogen Filter using the filter funnel
Titration of acid Acid
Rinse the residue with distilled
+ metal oxide  salt + salt (neutralization)
water
and alkali Acid + metal carbonate  salt+ water+carbon dioxide
Dry the residue with filter paper

•Add acid to the alkali until it is
neutral with the aid of an indicator
Repeat the procedure without using
an indicator
Add metal oxide metals/ metal carbonate powder to the acid and
heat it until some of it no longer dissolves ( all the acid has
reacted with the metal oxide/ metal/ metal carbonate)
Filter to remove excess solid (residue)

Evaporate the filtrate until it becomes a saturated solution

Dip in a glass rod, if crystals are formed , the solution is saturated
Cool at room temperature
Press the crystals between two filter papers to dry the salt
 STEPS TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT
METHOD II : soluble salt except K+, Na+ and NH4+
•Add metal / metal oxide
powder to
/metal carbonate ……….. mixture
Filter the ……………... The
excess Stir
acid until …………… product/filtrate is salt solution
…………….. Evaporate the filtrate until
with a glass rod Saturated
……………….
metal/metal oxide/metal
Salt solution carbonate
Salt solution
Excess of metal/metal
oxide/metal carbonate

Salt solution
heat heat

Cool it at room
temperature until
crystals are formed
50 cm3 of 1 moldm3 of acid

Press the crystals

between two filter papers Filter the mixture to get
heat to dry the salt salt crystals
…………………………
The reaction of acid:
(i) acid + metal → salt + H 2
(ii) acid + metal oxide → salt + H2O
(iii) acid + carbonate → salt + H2O + CO2
example:
H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4 + H2O
STEPS TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT
PROCEDURE I : K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts

Acid is titrated to alkali until

neutral by using an indicator.
Evaporate the filtrate until
Saturated
………………. Repeat without the indicator
to get pure salt solution
…………………………….

Salt solution

heat

Cool it at room temperature

until crystals are formed

Press the crystals between two

filter papers to dry the salt Filter the mixture to get
salt crystals
…………………………
STEPS TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT

COMBINATION OF METHOD I &

METHOD II
 STEPS TO PREPARE SOLUBLE SALT
PROCEDURE II : soluble salt PROCEDURE I : K+, Na+ and NH4+
except K+, Na+ and NH4+ salts

-add base
oxide/metal/metal
carbonate to acid until
………………..
Stir with a glass rod
Filter the mixture to
……... .. The product is
……………..
Acid is titrated to alkali
until neutral by using an
Evaporate the mixture indicator. Repeat without
until ………………. the indicator to
…………………………….

heat
heat

Cool it in the room

temperature until crystals are
formed

Filter the mixture to

…………………………

heat

The reaction of acid: Press the crystals between

(i) acid + metal → salt + H 2
two filter papers to dry the
(ii) acid + base → salt + H2O salt
(iii) acid + carbonate → salt + H2O + CO2
example:
H2SO4 + CuO → CuSO4 + H2O
Preparation of PbCl2

HCl(aq)+ Pb(s) → PbCl2(s) + H2(g)

Lead(II) chloride cannot be prepared by reacting

i. Lead with hydrochloric acid
ii. Lead(II) carbonate with hydrochloric acid
iii. Lead(II) oxide with hydrochloric acid

HCl

PbCl2
Pb
 DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION/ PRECIPITATE REACTION

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION A + SOLUTION B PRECIPITATE C + SOLUTION D

Contain Contain anion Insoluble salt,

cation of of insoluble XmYn
insoluble salt, Ym-
salt, Xn+

EXAMPLE : Precipitation of Lead(II) iodide

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI Pbl2 + 2NaNO3

Pb2+ 2NO3- 2Na+ 2I- Pbl2 2Na+ 2NO3-

IONIC EQUATION:

Pb 2+
+ 2 l- Pbl2
  
                                            
                                            
Potassium
Addingiodide
potassiumand lead iodidenitrate,
to the with a
Potassium iodide in the beaker
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Usage.
beaker

Potassium iodide solution and lead nitrate solution Potassium iodide solution in a beaker

Adding potassium iodide solution to

Lead(II) iodide precipitate in a beaker
lead(II) nitrate solution in a beaker
Adding potassium chloride solution to lead(II) nitrate solution in a beaker
STEPS TO PREPARE INSOLUBLE SALT

Pb2+ Pb2+ Aqueous solution

Aqueous solution I I
contain cation Pb2+
contain anion I-
Pb
Pb 2+ Pb
2+
Pb 2+
2+
I I

Mixed the solutions and

stired with glass rod
Precipitate of
insoluble PbI2 salt

Filter and rinse with distilled water

Precipitate is PbI2

Press the salt between two filter papers to dry the salt
 Xm+ Yn- XnYm Ionic equation

Pb2+[ Pb(NO3)2] I- [ KI ] PbI2 Pb2+ + 2I- → PbI2

BaSO4
Ba2+[Ba(NO3)2] SO42- Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4
[K2SO4]
AgCl
Ag+ [AgNO3 ] Cl [ KCl]
- Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl

CaCO3
Ca2+ [Ca(NO3)2] CO32- Ca2+ + CO32- → CaCO3
[Na2CO3]
 S
Salt Chemical equations
/IS
Zinc Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
S
chloride ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnCO3 + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O + CO2

Sodium
nitrate S NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O

Silver AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3

IS
chloride
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Copper(II) Explain why?
Sulphate Cu + H2SOe → CuSO2 + H2
S
CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

CuCO3 + H2SO4→ CuSO4 + H2O + CO2

Lead
Sulphate Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2KNO3
IS
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

Aluminium
nitrate
S 1.
2
3
Lead(II) IS 1.
Chloride 2

Magnesium 1.
nitrate S 2
3
Potassium 1.
Chloride S

Lead(II)
S 1.
nitrate
2.

Barium 1.
sulphate IS
2
 Example 1
2. a) What is the meaning of salts? [ 1 marks]
b) Copper(II) sulphate is an example of a soluble salt. Describe the
experiment you do in the laboratory to prepare dry copper(II) sulphate.
Include the chemical equation involved in your description. [ 9 marks]
(a)Salts are ionic compound formed when hydrogen ions, H + from an acid
is replace by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+. 1..1
(b)Apparatus:
Measuring cylinder, beaker, glass rod, tripod stand, wire gauze,
bunsen burner, Filter paper, evaporating dish, filter paper 1
Materials :
Copper(II) oxide/ copper(II) carbonate, sulphuric acid 1
Procedure :
1.Measure and pour 100 of 1 moldm-3 sulphuric acid into a beaker. Warm the acid
1
2. Copper(II) oxide powder is added to the nitric acid until excess.The mixture is
stirred. 1
3.Copper(II) oxide is added continuously until some of it no longer dissolve 1
4.The mixture are filtered . 1
5.The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated until it
becomes saturated. 1
6 The hot saturated solution is cooled to room temperature for the crystals to
form.
1
7 The contents are filtered to obtain copper(II) sulphate crystals. Press the
crystals between two filter papers to dry the salt 1..9
 You are required to prepare dry zinc sulphate salt. The chemicals
supplied are
•zinc nitrate solution
•dilute sulphuric acid
•sodium carbonate solution
Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt.
In your description, include chemical equations involved.

[12 marks]
1. Measure and pour 100cm3 of zinc nitrate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 into a
beaker
2. Measure and add 100 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution 1.0 mol dm-3
3. Stir with a glass rod and filter the mixture
4. Pour 100cm3 1.0mol dm-3 sulphuric acid into a beaker
5. Add the residue/precipitate into the acid until in excess
6. Stir and filter the mixture
7. The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated
until it becomes saturated
8. Heat the filterate until saturated/1/3 of original volume
9. Cool the saturated solution
10. Filter and press the crystals between two filter papers to dry the salt
11. Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3

12. ZnCO3 + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2

(c) A pupil carried out an experiment to investigate the chemical changes that occur
to copper(II) chloride as a result of reaction P. The result of the experiment is shown
in figure 8.2
(i) The chemical equation for reaction P is as follows:

CuCl2 + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CuCO3

Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-1 copper(II) chloride
[relative molecular mass of CuCO3 = 124]

Calculate the mass of copper(II) carbonate precipitate formed. [2 marks]

(ii) Name the solid X and state its colour

[2 marks]

(iii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity

[2 marks]
 SPM 2007
7(a) The following are three examples of salts that can be prepared in
the laboratory
Potassium sulphate, K2 SO4
Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4
Zins sulpahte, ZnSO4
(i)From these examples, identify the soluble and insoluble salt

1 Soluble salt - potassium sulphate and zinc sulphate

2. Insoluble salt – Lead(II) sulphate

(ii) State the reactants for the precipitation of insoluble salt in 7(a)(i)

1 Lead(II) nitrate [ 4 marks]

2.Sodium sulphate
(b) With the aid of a labelled diagram. Explain the crystallisation
method for preparing a soluble salt from its saturated solution.
[ 6 marks]

1. The saturated salt is cooled at room temperature// the salt solution is

cooled to allow the formation of crystals
2. The saturated salt is filtered
3. Press the salt crystal between two filter papers to dry it

4 Set up of apparatus for the saturated solution

5. Set up of apparatus for the filtration
6. Label for the salt solution, salt crystal and filter paper