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2 January 12 Ohm's Law
2 January 12 Ohm's Law
2 January 12 Ohm's Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Example. An electromagnet of resistance 12.4 ohms
requires current of 1.5 amperes to operate. Find the
required voltage.
Ohm’s Law
If the resistance of the circuit is doubled while applied
voltage is held constant. The current will ______.
A. increase by half as much C. decrease to half as much
B. remains the same D. twice as much
Let us assume the base case: V=220V and R=110 ohms
Base Case Case 1
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼= 𝐼=
𝑅 2𝑅
220 𝑉 220𝑉
𝐼= =2 𝐴 𝐼= =1 𝐴
110 Ω 2(110 Ω )
PIE – Electrical Power
Question: What does it cost per year (at 8.60 PHP per
kWh) for the power loss of two 305 mm2 circuit conductors
that have a total resistance of 0.30 ohms with a current flow
of 24A?
(a) 1,300 (b) 13,000 (c) 13,018 (d) 1,300
Answer: (c) PHP 13,018
Step 1: Determine the amount of power consumed:
Question: What does it cost per year (at 8.60 PHP per
kWh) for the power loss of two 305 mm2 circuit conductors
that have a total resistance of 0.30 ohms with a current flow
of 24A?
(a) 1,300 (b) 13,000 (c) 13,018 (d) 1,300
Electrical Power
Example. A 100 W electric light bulb is connected to a 250 V
supply. Determine (a) the current flowing in the bulb, and
(b) the resistance of the bulb.
𝑃
Power: 𝑃=𝑉𝑥𝐼 from which, current 𝐼 =
𝑉
Solution:
𝑃 100
(a) Current 𝐼 = 𝑉 = 200 =0.4 𝐴
𝑃 250
(b) Resistance 𝑉 = = =625 Ω
𝑉 0.4
Example
Electrical Power
Example. Calculate the power dissipated when a current of 4
mA flows through a resistance of 5 kΩ.
Power )
)
𝑃= 𝐼 2
𝑊 𝑜𝑟 80 𝑚𝑊
𝑅 =¿
Alternately, since and ) then from Ohm’s law, voltage
−3
Power 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅= ( 4 𝑥 10 ) ( 5 𝑥 103 ) =20 V
𝑃= 𝑉𝐼 =20 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−3 =80 𝑚𝑊
Example
Electrical Power
Electrical Power
Electrical Power
Example. Two bulbs of 40W and 60W are connected in
series with an AC Power supply of 100V. Which bulb will
glow brighter
The voltage is a red herring here, because it's an issue of
proportion. At any voltage above zero (within the capacity
of the bulbs) one will be proportionately brighter. The 40
watt bulb hooked in parallel is normally dimmer because
the filament has a higher resistance than that of the 60-
watt bulb. But we're dealing with a series circuit here.
Electrical Power
Assuming the bulbs were manufactured to operate at 120
volts;
For the 60W bulb: For the 40W bulb:
𝑃 60 𝑊 𝑃 40𝑊
𝐼= = =0. 5 𝐴 𝐼= = =0. 3333 𝐴
𝐸 120 𝑉 𝐸 120 𝑉
𝐸 120 𝑉 𝐸 120𝑉
𝑅1 = = =240 Ω 𝑅1 = = =360 Ω
𝐼 0.5 𝐴 𝐼 0.333 𝐴
The 60 watt bulb has 240 The 40 watt bulb has 360
ohms resistance when ohms resistance when
burning burning
Electrical Power 𝑃1=6 0𝑊
𝑅1 =2 40 Ω
𝑃2=4 0 𝑊
𝑅2 =3 60 Ω
𝐸=100 𝑉
𝐸 =40 𝑉 𝐸 =6 0 𝑉
1 2
Electrical Power
𝑃 =6.6666𝑊 𝑃 =1 0 𝑊
1 2
Two 120 volt light bulbs connected in series across 240 volts will?
A. burn at full brighhess C. burn out quickly
B. bum at half-brightness D. flicker with the cycle
Current Potential Difference
Unit: Ampere (A) Unit : Volts (Ω)
Power Resistance
Unit: Watts (W) Unit: Ohms (Ω)
Electrical Power and Energy
Power in an electrical circuit is given by the product of
potential difference and current . The unit of power is the
watt, .
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑃=𝑉𝑥 =
𝑅 𝑅
Electrical Energy
𝑃=𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑡 =𝑠
Electrical Energy
1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒=1 𝑊 . 𝑠
Electrical Energy
Q. 1wh of energy is equivalent of what?
a. 3600watts
b. 3600joule
c. 4160joule
d. 840kcm
1𝑊 . 𝑠=1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
3600 𝑠
1𝑊𝑥 1 h 𝑥 =3600 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1h
Electrical Energy
𝑙
𝑅=𝜌 𝑜h𝑚𝑠 Ω
𝑎
Where, 𝑅=𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (Ω)
𝜌=𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( Ω . 𝑚)
𝑙=𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h (𝑚)
𝑎 =𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ¿
𝜌=0.017 𝑥 𝑥 10− 6
Temperature and Coefficient of Resistance
In
general, as the temperature of a material increases, most
conductors increase in resistance, insulators decrease in
resistance, whilst the resistance of some special alloys
remain almost constant.
𝑅100 =1 30.1 Ω
Temperature and Coefficient of Resistance
Unknown: 𝑡 2 =?
Solution: 𝑅 2 = 𝑇 +𝑡 2
𝑅1 𝑇 +𝑡 1
9 0 Ω 234.5+𝑡 2
=
6 8 Ω 234.5+35 ° 𝐶
90 Ω
𝑡2 =
[( 68 Ω ) ]
𝑥 ( 234 .5+35 ° 𝐶 ) − 234.5
Resistance Combination
Resistances of different values can be combined in the
following manners.
A. Series Combination
B. Parallel Combination
C. Series-Parallel combination or Mixed connection
Resistance Combination - Series
Series Combination. In case of series combinations the
different resistor are connected as shown in the figure to
form a chain.
These are having the following characteristics
A. The current through every individual is same i.e. being
only one path of current, the current is same.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐼=
𝑅 𝑒𝑞
Resistance Combination - Series
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =𝑅 1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅 3 +… … … … … .... 𝑅 𝑛
so, 𝑉
=𝑉 1 +𝑉 2 +𝑉 3 +.. … … … … … … .. 𝑉 𝑛
Resistance Combination - Series
Example. Three members, R1 = 2 ohms, R2 = 3 ohms and R3 =
5 ohms are connected series across a 30-volt DC source.
What is the total current?
Solving for total resistance
=2Ω
𝑅 𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅 1 + 𝑅 2 + 𝑅 3
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =2 Ω+3 Ω +5 Ω
=3Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =10 Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =2 Ω+3 Ω +5 Ω
=3Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =10 Ω
Resistance Combination - Series
Example. Two resistors R1 = 2 ohms and R2 = 3 ohms are
connected in series across a DC supply. If the voltage across
R1 is 10 volts, what is the total voltage?
𝐼
Solving for total resistance =2Ω
𝑉 1=10𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =𝑅 1 + 𝑅2
𝑅
1 =2 Ω
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =2 Ω+3 Ω
𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑞 =5 Ω
𝑅
2 =3 Ω
Voltage
Doesnot remain constant throughout the circuit. Values can be
measured across each resistor or load. This is called the voltage
drop. The total voltage is equal to the sum of all the voltage
drops in that circuit. A voltmeter can verify this. The formula is:
Resistance Combination - Series
B. Current
Current has a number of paths to follow. If all paths are
available, the current divides itself between the branches back
to the source. If a path is open, the current divides between the
remaining available paths and goes back to the source.
The total current is the sum of individual resistance branch
currents
Resistance Combination - Parallel
C. Resistance
11 1 1 1
= + + +. … … … . ohms
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅 3 𝑅𝑛
1 2+1 18
= 𝑅=2 Ω 𝑅= =2 Ω
𝑅 6 9
Resistance Combination - Parallel