Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 January 19 - AC Circuits
3 January 19 - AC Circuits
This is the value which is used for all power, lighting and
heating purposes, as in these cases the power is
proportional to the square of the
voltage.
RME Exam Question
If an AC sine wave reaches a peak voltage of 100, what is the
effective rootmean square voltage?
a.) 57.7 volts c.) 86.6 volts
b.) 141.4 volts d.) 70.7 volts
RME Exam Question
Frequency is measured in__.
a.) hertz c.) rpm
b.) voltage d.) foot pounds
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone
Resistor Color Code
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 1
Black
Brown 0
1 1
10
Brown
Red 1
2 10
10
Red
Orange 2
3 10
10
Orange
Yellow 3
4 10
10
Yellow
Green 4
5 10
10
Green
Blue 5
6 10
10
Blue
Violet 6
7 10
10
Violet
Gray 7
8 10
10
Gray
White 8
9 10
10
White
Gold 9 10
10 5%
Gold
Silver 10
10 10%
Silver
No color 10
20%
No color
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone
A typical Inductor
Inductive Reactance of
a coil depends on the
frequency of the
applied voltage as
reactance is directly
proportional to
frequency
Inductance of a Coil
If a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a pure inductance the
current will be found to be,
Where, current (r.m.s value)
voltge (r.m.s value)
frequency (hertz)
inductance (henry)
Solution, 𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑓 𝐿
𝑋𝐿 𝐿=?
𝐿=
2π 𝑓
1,100 Ω
𝐿=
2 π 𝑥 475
AC Through Pure Inductance Alone
Example. What is the inductive reactance of a pure
inductance which allows a 4 A current to flow when it is
connected across a 117 VAC source?
Let, 4 A
117 V 𝐼=4 𝐴𝑉
Solution, 𝑉
𝐿=𝑉 𝐿 𝑥 𝑋 𝐿
𝑉𝐿
𝐸=117𝑉
𝑋 𝐿= 𝑋 𝐿=?
𝐼
117
𝑋 𝐿=
4
AC Through Pure Inductance Alone
Capacitance
Capacitance
Capacitance. The ability of a body to store an electric
charge. Any object that can be electrically charge exhibits
capacitance. A common form of energy storage device is a
parallel plate capacitor.
RME Board Exam Question
The total capacitance of four parallel capacitors which are
10, 15, 25, and 30 microfarads respectively is.
A. 60 μF C. 80 μF
B. 40 μF D. 20 μF
𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 1 +𝐶 2 +𝐶 3 +𝐶 4
𝐶𝑡
𝐶 𝑡 =1 0+1 5+2 5+3 0
10μ 𝐹 15 μ 𝐹 25μ 𝐹 30μ 𝐹
𝐶
𝑡 =8 0 μ 𝐹
Capacitor Connections
Energy Stored (Joule) Elastance
1 2 : Is the reciprocal of capacitance
𝑊= 𝐶 𝐸
2
1
𝑆=
1 𝐶
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐸
2
Where:
1 𝑄2
Where:
𝑊=
2 𝐶( ) S = Elastance (daraf)
The opposition to
current flow through
an AC Capacitor is
called Capacitive
Reactance and which
itself is inversely
proportional to the
supply frequency
AC Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
Where,
capacitive reactance
1 1
𝑋𝐶= = capacitance (farad)
𝜔 𝐶 2 π 𝑓𝐶 frequency (hertz)
current (r.m.s value)
Capacitive reactance,
XC is inversely
proportional to
frequency with the
current passed by the
capacitor for a given
voltage being
proportional to the
frequency.
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
The behavior of a capacitor in a variable frequency circuit
as being a sort of frequency controlled resistor that has a
high capacitive reactance value (open circuit condition) at
very low frequencies and low capacitive reactance value
(short circuit condition) at very high frequencies
RME Board Exam Question
A capacitor opposes ____.
a.) Both a change in voltage and c.) Change in voltage
current
b.) Change in current d.) none of these
In DC circuit inductance and capacitance are irrelevant In
circuit analysis due to.
a.) dc supply has no frequency c.) there effect is useless in
dc circuits
b.) they do not exist in dc circuits d.) all of these
Inductance and capacitance are not considerations in a DC
current for which of the following reasons:
a.) DC supply has no frequency c.) Both of the above
b.) DC supply carries power equal d.) None of the above
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
Example. What is the reactance of a 0.05 pF capacitor at
400 Hz?
𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
Let,
𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
Solution, 𝑋 𝐶 =?
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = −6
2 𝜋 (400)(0.05 𝑥 10 )
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
𝑉 50
𝑋𝐶 = =
𝐼 3 𝑥 10 −3
Relationship between Resistor, Inductor and
Capactor in AC Circuits.
Note that:
Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of
heat and light.
Inductor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form
of magnetic field.
Capacitor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the
form of electric or electrostatic filed
Important formulae,
2 2
1. Impedance, 𝑍=√ 𝑅 +𝑋 𝐿
Where,
𝑉
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍
𝑅 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
3. Power Factor, cos 𝜃= 𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
−1 𝑅
or angle of lag , 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍
2
𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
4. Power consumed,
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-L Circuit connected in Series)
Let,
𝑋 =3 Ω
𝐿
𝐸 =220 𝑉 𝐸=220 𝑉
Impedance,
Ω
𝑉 220
Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍 = 5 =24 𝐴
R-C Circuit connected in Series
𝑅
𝑉 𝑋 𝐶
R-C Circuit connected in Series
Important formulae,
2 2 1
𝑍=√ 𝑅 +𝑋 𝐶
1. Impedance, Where, 𝑋 𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
𝑉
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍
𝑅 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
3. Power Factor, cos
𝜃=
𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
−1 𝑅
or angle of lag , 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍
2
𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
4. Power consumed,
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-C Circuit connected in Series
Example. A resistor of 25 ohms is connected in series with a
capacitive reactance of 70.74 Ω. Determine the impedance
and the current taken from a 220 V, 60 Hz supply.
Ω
Let,
𝑋 𝐶 =70.74 Ω
𝐸 =220 𝑉 𝐸=220 𝑉
Impedance,
Ω
Current,
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
𝑉 𝑅
𝐼= 𝐶
𝑍
𝐿
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
Where,
Important formulae,
2 2 2 1
1. Impedance, 𝑍=√ 𝑅 +(𝑋 𝐿 − 𝑋 𝐶 ) 𝑋𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
𝑉
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍
𝑅 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
3. Power Factor, cos 𝜃=
𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
−1 𝑅
angle of lag when , or lead when 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑍
𝑅 𝐼2 𝑅
4. Power consumed,
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-C Circuit connected in Series
Example. A resistance of 8 Ω, an inductive reactance of 10 Ω,
and a capacitive reactance of 4 Ω are all connected in series
to a 220 V, 60 Hz supply. Determine the total impedance and
the current taken from the source.
Let,
𝑋 𝐿= 10 Ω
𝑋 𝐶 =4 Ω
Impedance,
Current,
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
How RLC Circuits are used?
The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current, and
resonates in a similar way as an LC circuit. ... RLC
circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio
receivers and television sets use them for tuning to select a
narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves.
What does it mean when an RLC circuit is at resonance?
The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the
inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude
but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees apart in
phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is
useful in tuning applications.
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
Resonance Frequency
𝑋 𝐿= 𝑋 𝐶
1 √1
2 π 𝑓𝐿= 𝑓=
2 π 𝑓𝐶 √4 π 2
𝐿𝐶
2
π 𝑓𝐿(2 π 𝑓𝐶 )=1
2 π 2 𝑓 2 𝐿𝐶 =1
2 1
𝑓=
4 2 π √ 𝐿𝐶
4
2 1
𝑓 = 2
4 π 𝐿𝐶
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
What is an example of a resonance?
Pushing a person in a swing is a common example of
resonance. The loaded swing, a pendulum, has a natural
frequency of oscillation, its resonant frequency, and resists
being pushed at a faster or slower rate.
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
A circuit has a capacitance of 35 microfarad and an inductance of
0.2 H. Calculate the resonant frequency of the circuit.
a. 65 Hz c. 50 Hz
b. 60 Hz d. 55 Hz
Solution 1
𝑓=
2 π √ 𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓=
35
√
2 π ( 0.2 ) ∗(
1000,000
)
𝑓 =60 𝐻𝑧