Alternating Current Fundamentals,

Circuits and Circuit Theory

 Electron Theory
How current flow?
1 Without an external force, this
erratic motion of electrons doesn't
cause any electric current because the
charges all get cancelled out
2 When you apply an external
potential difference on the conductor,
all the electrons experience a repulsive
force in the same direction, and this
channels all the electron movement in
a single direction. This gives rise to
electric current.
Magnetic Fields Around Conductors
When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field
surrounds the conductor. As current flow increases, so does
the number of lines of force in the magnetic field
RME Exam Question
Which of the following is a requirement to induce a voltage and a
current in a wire?
a.) A magnetic field c.) Motion betwwen A and B
b.) A conductor d.) all of these

If a magnetic field is cut across by a coil of conductor____ is

generated between the ends of the conductor.
a.) electomotive force c.) stronger magnetic field
b.) resistance d.) capacitance
RME Exam Question
A magnetic field is created around a conductor ______.
a.) Whenever current flows in the c.) Whenever current flows in
wire, provided the wire is made the conductor.
of magnetic material.
b.) Only when the wire carries a d.) Only if the conductor is
large current. formed into a loop.

If the current flow through a conductor is increased, the magnetic

field around the conductor _.
a.) is unchanged c.) collapses
b.) becornes stronger. d.) becomes weaker
Polarity of Coils Cutting Through Lines of
Force
As a conductor cuts across the
lines of force in a magnetic
field, it generates a current.
This method of inducing a
current is called induction.
There are three rules for
induction:
1. When a conductor cuts through lines of force, it induces an
electromotive force (EMF), or voltage.
2. Either the magnetic field or the conductor needs to be moving
for this to happen.
3. If the direction of the cutting across the magnetic field changes,
the direction of the induced EMF also changes.
Magnetic Fields Around Conductors
Faraday's law states that induced voltage can be determined by
the number of turns in a coil, and how fast the coil cuts through a
magnetic field. Therefore, the more turns in a coil or the stronger
the magnetic field, the more voltage induced.
RME Exam Question
Where a single AC conductors carrying current passes through
metal with magnetic properties, the inductive effect shall be
minimized by ____. I. cutting slots in the metal between the
individual holes through which individual conductors pass
II. passing all the conductors in the circuit through an insulating
wall sufficiently large for all the conductors of the circuit
a.) I only c.) both I and II
b.) II only d.) neither I nor II

The voltage produced by electromagnetic induction is controlled

by__.
a.) number of lines of flux cut c.) the size of the magnet
per second
b.) eddy currents d.) the number of tums
A.C. Fundamentals, Circuits and Circuit Theory
Phase

If a mass on a rod is rotated at constant speed and the

resulting circular path illuminated from the edge, its shadow
will trace out simple harmonic motion. If the shadow vertical
position is traced as a function of time, it will trace out a sine
wave. A full period of the sine wave will correspond to a
complete circle or 360 degrees. The idea of phase follows
this parallel, with any fraction of a period related to the
corresponding fraction of a circle in degrees.
Phase
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal
Waveform
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal
Waveform
 As the single vector rotates in an anti-clockwise direction, its
tip at point A will rotate one complete revolution
of 360o or 2π representing one complete cycle.
 If the length of its moving tip is transferred at different
angular intervals in time to a graph as shown above, a
sinusoidal waveform would be drawn starting at the left with
zero time. Each position along the horizontal axis indicates
the time that has elapsed since zero time, t = 0.
 When the vector is horizontal the tip of the vector represents
the angles at 0o, 180o and at 360o.
Phase Difference of a Sinusoidal
Waveform
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal
Waveform

 The phasor diagram

is drawn
corresponding to
time zero ( t = 0 ) on
the horizontal axis.
 The lengths of the phasors are proportional to the values of
the voltage, (V) and the current, (I) at the instant in time that
the phasor diagram is drawn.
 The current phasor lags the voltage phasor by the angle, Φ, as
the two phasors rotate in an anticlockwise direction.
Alternating Voltage and Current
Modern alternators produce an e.m.f. which is for all
practical purposes sinusoidal (i.e., a sine curve), the
equation between the e.m.f. and time being.
 

Where,   instantaneous voltage   angle through which

  Maximum voltage the armature has turn
from neutral
 Taking frequency as hertz (cycles per second), the value of

will be , so that the equation reads

 
Alternating Voltage and Current

Cycle. One complete set of positive and negative values of

an alternating quantity is known as a cycle
Amplitude. The maximum value, positive or negative, of an
alternating quantity, is known as its amplitude
 Frequency (). The number of cycles/second is called the
frequency of the alternating quantity. Its unit is hertz (Hz).
RME Exam Question
In a 60 cycle system, what length of time does it take to go 90
degrees?
a.) 1/3 second c.) 1/60 second
b.) 1/90 second d.) 1/240 second

In one second there are 60 Period (T)

In one Period (T) there are 360°   =1=
𝑇
1
=
1
In a 360° there are four 90° 𝑓 (60 ∗ 4) 240
Alternating Voltage and Current
   
Time period is reciprocal of frequency. or

Room mean square (R.M.S.)

value. The r.m.s. value of an
alternating current is given by
that steady (D.C.) current
which when flowing through a
given circuit time produces the
same heat as produced by the
alternating current when
flowing through the same
circuit for the same time.
RME Exam Question
What percentage of the maximum (peak) voltage is the effective
(R.M.S.) voltage?
a.) 1 c.) 0.637
b.) 0.707 d.) 0.577

The breakdown voltage of an insulation depends upon __ value

of AC voltage.
a.) r.m.s. c.) peak
b.) effective d.)1.732 of peak
An AC ammeter or voltmeter is calibrated to read RMS values;
this means the meter is reading the ____.
a.) Maximum c.) Average
b.) Peak d.) Effective
RME Exam Question
AC voltage of the system is not the__ voltage
a.) EMF c.) average
b.) effective d.) RMS
Alternating Voltage and Current

R.M.S. value is the value which is taken for power purposes

of any description. This value is obtained by finding the
square root of the mean value of the squared ordinates for
a cycle or half-cycle.
 

This is the value which is used for all power, lighting and
heating purposes, as in these cases the power is
proportional to the square of the
voltage.
RME Exam Question
If an AC sine wave reaches a peak voltage of 100, what is the
effective rootmean square voltage?
a.) 57.7 volts c.) 86.6 volts
b.) 141.4 volts d.) 70.7 volts

 
RME Exam Question
Frequency is measured in__.
a.) hertz c.) rpm
b.) voltage d.) foot pounds
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone
Resistor Color Code
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Color Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 1  
Black
Brown 0
1 1
10   
Brown
Red 1
2 10
10   
Red
Orange 2
3 10
10   
Orange
Yellow 3
4 10
10   
Yellow
Green 4
5 10
10   
Green
Blue 5
6 10
10   
Blue
Violet 6
7 10
10   
Violet
Gray 7
8 10
10   
Gray
White 8
9 10
10   
White
Gold 9  10
10 5%  
Gold
Silver    10
10 10%
Silver
No color    10
  20%
No color    
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone

What is the resistance of a carbon resistor with the

following color bands, brown, black, orange, and gold?

First digit = 1 (brown)

Second digit = 0 (black)
Multiplier = 10ᶟ (orange)
Tolerance = +/- 5 %
 
Thus, its ohmic value is 10 x10ᶟ or 10,000 ohms +/- 5%
AC Through Pure Ohmic Resistance Alone
Where a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a pure resistance
the current will be in phase with the e.m.f., and if shown
graphically will be in phase with the e.m.f. curve.
 

 r.m.s value of the applied   resistance in ohms

emf voltage instantaneous   r.m.s value of current
voltage
The power in a purely resistive circuit is given by the
product of the r.m.s. voltage and the r.m.s, current, i.e.,
 
Inductance
 Inductor

A typical Inductor

An Inductor is a passive electrical component consisting of

a coil of wire which is designed to take advantage of the
relationship between magnetism and electricity as a
result of an electric current passing through the coil
Magnetic Fields Around Conductors
When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field
surrounds the conductor. As current flow increases, so does
the number of lines of force in the magnetic field
Inductor Symbol

 An inductor opposes the rate of change of current flowing

through it due to the build up of self-induced energy within its
magnetic field.
 Inductors resist or oppose changes of current but will easily
pass a steady state DC current.
Inductor Time Constant

 The value of induced voltage will be produced by the

inductor depends upon the rate of current change. 
 When power flows into an inductor, energy is stored in
its magnetic field. 
Inductance of a Coil

Inductance is the name given to the property of a

component that opposes the change of current flowing
through it and even a straight piece of wire will have some
inductance

Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors

“resistance” to the change of the current flowing through
the circuit 
RME Exam Question
Which of the following does NOT affect the inductance of a coil?
a.) number of turns c.) distance between turns
b.) current flowing through the d.) shape of the coil
coil
Inductive Reactance

Inductive Reactance of
a coil depends on the
frequency of the
applied voltage as
reactance is directly
proportional to
frequency
Inductance of a Coil
If a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a pure inductance the
current will be found to be,
Where,   current (r.m.s value)
    voltge (r.m.s value)

  frequency (hertz)
  inductance (henry)

 • The expression or is termed as inductive reactance .

• Power consumed is zero.

Characteristics

 Is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage

when the current varies.
 A long wire has more inductance than a short wire since
more conductor length cut by magnetic flux produces more
induced voltage.
 A coil has more inductance than the equivalent length of
straight wire because the coil concentrates magnetic flux.
 As the inductance is a measure of induced voltage, the
amount of inductance has an important effect in any circuit
the current changes
RME Exam Question
The unit of magnetic flux in SI.
a.) Tesla c.) Maxwell
b.) Volt-ampere d.) Weber

The property that opposes any change in current.

a.) impedance c.) inductance
b.) resistance d.) capacitance

If the number of the turns in an inductor is increased, its

inductance will
a.) vary c.) increase
b.) decrease d.) remain in the same
RME Exam Question
Which of the following does NOT affect the inductance of a coil?
a.) number of turns c.) distance between turns
b.) current flowing through the
coil d.) shape of the coil

An inductive circuit has a resistance of 100 ohms and an

inductance of 2 henries. What is the impedance of the
combination at W = 377 radians per second?

a.) 754 ohms c.) 682 ohms

b.) 761 ohms d.) 500 ohms
 AC Through Pure Inductance Alone

Example. What is the 60 Hz Example. what is the

reactance of a 4 H choke? reactance of a 250 mH
radio-frequency choke at a
Let,   60 hz frequency of 45 MHz?
  4 Henry
Let,   60 hz
Solution,   250 x 10-3 Henry
Solution,
 𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑓 𝐿
 𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑓 𝐿
 𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑥 60 𝑥 4
 𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑥 45 𝑥 106 𝑥 250 𝑥 10 3
-
 
 
 AC Through Pure Inductance Alone

Example. What value of inductance will have a reactance of

1,100 Ω at 475 kHz?
Let,   475 kHz
 𝑋 𝐿=1,100 Ω
  1,100 Ω

Solution,  𝑋 𝐿=2 π 𝑓 𝐿
  𝑋𝐿  𝐿=?
𝐿=
2π 𝑓
  1,100 Ω
𝐿=
2 π 𝑥 475
 
 AC Through Pure Inductance Alone
Example. What is the inductive reactance of a pure
inductance which allows a 4 A current to flow when it is
connected across a 117 VAC source?
Let,  4 A
  117 V 𝐼=4 𝐴𝑉
 

Solution, 𝑉
  𝐿=𝑉 𝐿 𝑥 𝑋 𝐿

𝑉𝐿
𝐸=117𝑉
 
 
𝑋 𝐿= 𝑋 𝐿=?
 
𝐼
  117
𝑋 𝐿=
4
 
AC Through Pure Inductance Alone
Capacitance
Capacitance
Capacitance. The ability of a body to store an electric
charge. Any object that can be electrically charge exhibits
capacitance. A common form of energy storage device is a
parallel plate capacitor.
RME Board Exam Question
The total capacitance of four parallel capacitors which are
10, 15, 25, and 30 microfarads respectively is.

A. 60 μF C. 80 μF
B. 40 μF D. 20 μF

 𝐶 𝑡 =𝐶 1 +𝐶 2 +𝐶 3 +𝐶 4

𝐶𝑡
   𝐶 𝑡 =1 0+1 5+2 5+3 0
10μ 𝐹 15 μ 𝐹 25μ 𝐹 30μ 𝐹
       
𝐶
  𝑡 =8 0 μ 𝐹
 Capacitor Connections
Energy Stored (Joule) Elastance
  1 2 : Is the reciprocal of capacitance
𝑊= 𝐶 𝐸
2
  1
𝑆=
  1 𝐶
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐸
2
Where:
  1 𝑄2
Where:
𝑊=
2 𝐶( ) S = Elastance (daraf)

W=energy stored (joule)

C=capacitance (farad)
E=Voltage across (volt)
Q=charge accumulated (coulomb)
Capacitors in AC Circuits
AC Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance

The opposition to
current flow through
an AC Capacitor is
called Capacitive
Reactance and which
itself is inversely
proportional to the
supply frequency
AC Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance

Sinusoidal Waveforms for AC Capacitance

AC Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
This effect can also be
represented by a phasor diagram
where in a purely capacitive
circuit the voltage “LAGS” the
current by 90o. But by using the
voltage as our reference, we can
also say that the current
“LEADS” the voltage by one
quarter of a cycle or 90o 

So for a pure capacitor, VC “lags” IC by 90o, or we can say

that IC “leads” VC by 90o.
Capacitive Reactance
 Capacitors oppose changes in voltage with the flow of
electrons onto the plates of the capacitor being directly
proportional to the rate of voltage change across its
plates as the capacitor charges and discharges.
 Unlike a resistor where the opposition to current flow is
its actual resistance, the opposition to current flow in a
capacitor is called Reactance.
 Like resistance, reactance is measured in Ohm’s but is
given the symbol X to distinguish it from a purely
resistive R value and as the component in question is a
capacitor, the reactance of a capacitor is called Capacitive
Reactance, ( XC ) which is measured in Ohms.
Capacitive Reactance

Where,
  capacitive reactance
  1 1
𝑋𝐶= =   capacitance (farad)
𝜔 𝐶 2 π 𝑓𝐶   frequency (hertz)
  current (r.m.s value)

 The value of capacitive reactance and therefore its overall

impedance (in Ohms) decreases towards zero as the
frequency increases acting like a short circuit.
 Likewise, as the frequency approaches zero or DC, the
capacitors reactance increases to infinity, acting like an
open circuit which is why capacitors block DC.
Capacitive Reactance against Frequency
 Capacitive reactance is inversely
proportional to frequency.
 Capacitive reactance opposes
current flow but the electrostatic
charge on the plates (its AC
capacitance value) remains
constant.
 It becomes easier for the
capacitor to fully absorb the
change in charge on its plates
during each half cycle.
 As the frequency increases the current flowing into the
capacitor increases in value because the rate of voltage change
across its plates increases.
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
If a sinusoidal e.m.f. is placed across a capacitor the current
will be found to be,
Where,   capacitance (farad)
  𝑉   voltge (r.m.s value)
𝐼=
𝑋𝐶   frequency (hertz)
  current (r.m.s value)
 

 Power consumption is zero

AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone

Capacitive reactance,
XC is inversely
proportional to
frequency with the
current passed by the
capacitor for a given
voltage being
proportional to the
frequency.
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
The behavior of a capacitor in a variable frequency circuit
as being a sort of frequency controlled resistor that has a
high capacitive reactance value (open circuit condition) at
very low frequencies and low capacitive reactance value
(short circuit condition) at very high frequencies
RME Board Exam Question
A capacitor opposes ____.
a.) Both a change in voltage and c.) Change in voltage
current
b.) Change in current d.) none of these
In DC circuit inductance and capacitance are irrelevant In
circuit analysis due to.
a.) dc supply has no frequency c.) there effect is useless in
dc circuits
b.) they do not exist in dc circuits d.) all of these
Inductance and capacitance are not considerations in a DC
current for which of the following reasons:
a.) DC supply has no frequency c.) Both of the above
b.) DC supply carries power equal d.) None of the above
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
Example. What is the reactance of a 0.05 pF capacitor at
400 Hz?  
𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
Let,  

  𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
Solution,    𝑋 𝐶 =?

  1
𝑋𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶  
  1
𝑋𝐶 = −6
2 𝜋 (400)(0.05 𝑥 10 )  

 
 AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone

Example. What is the Example. At what frequency

reactance of a 27 pf will an 8 pF capacitance have
capacitor at a frequency of a reactance of 160 ohms?
88 MHz?
−12
Let,   𝐶 =8 𝜇 𝐹
Let,  𝐶=27 𝑥 10 𝐹   𝑋 𝐶 =160
 
Solution,
Solution,   1
  1 𝑓=
𝑋𝐶 = 2 𝜋 𝐶 𝑋𝐶
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶     1
  1 𝑓= −12
¿
𝑋𝐶= − 12 6
¿ 2 𝜋 ( 27 𝑥 10 )( 160 ¿
2 𝜋 (27 𝑥 10 )( 88 𝑥 10 ¿
   
AC Through Pure Capacitance Alone
Example. What value of capacitive reactance will allow a 3
mA alternating current to flow when it is connected to a
50V, 400 Hz source?
  𝐼 =3 𝑚
Let,  
 
𝑉 =50 𝑉
  𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
  𝑓 = 400 𝐻
𝑋  =?
Solution, 𝑉
  =𝐼 𝑋 𝐶  
𝐶

  𝑉 50
𝑋𝐶 = =
𝐼 3 𝑥 10 −3
 
Relationship between Resistor, Inductor and
Capactor in AC Circuits.
Note that:
 Resistor absorbs the real power and dissipates in the form of
heat and light.
 Inductor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the form
of magnetic field.
 Capacitor absorbs the reactive power and dissipates in the
form of electric or electrostatic filed

Therefore: These all quantities trigonometrically related to each

other as shown in below figure.
Relationship between Resistor, Inductor and
Capacitor in AC Circuits.

  Unity Power Factor Lagging Power Factor Leading Power Factor

R-L Circuit connected in Series)
R-L Circuit connected in Series)
R-L Circuit connected in Series)

Important formulae,
  2 2
1. Impedance, 𝑍=√ 𝑅 +𝑋 𝐿
Where,  

  𝑉
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍
𝑅   𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
 
3. Power Factor, cos 𝜃= 𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
  −1 𝑅
or angle of lag , 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍
2
  𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
4. Power consumed,  
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-L Circuit connected in Series)

Example. A oil has a resistance of 4 Ω an d an inductive

reactance of 3 Ω, Determine the impedance and the current
taken from a 220 V, 60-Hz circuit.  Ω

Let,  
  𝑋 =3 Ω
𝐿
 
𝐸 =220 𝑉 𝐸=220 𝑉
 

Impedance,
 Ω
 

𝑉 220
 
Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍 = 5 =24 𝐴
R-C Circuit connected in Series

𝑅 

𝑉   𝑋 𝐶
R-C Circuit connected in Series

Important formulae,
  2 2 1
𝑍=√ 𝑅 +𝑋 𝐶
 
1. Impedance, Where, 𝑋 𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶  
  𝑉
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍

𝑅   𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
3. Power Factor, cos
 
𝜃=
𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
  −1 𝑅
or angle of lag , 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍
2
  𝑅 𝐼 𝑅
4. Power consumed,  
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-C Circuit connected in Series
Example. A resistor of 25 ohms is connected in series with a
capacitive reactance of 70.74 Ω. Determine the impedance
and the current taken from a 220 V, 60 Hz supply.
 
Ω
Let,  
  𝑋 𝐶 =70.74 Ω
 
𝐸 =220 𝑉  𝐸=220 𝑉
Impedance,
   
Ω

   
Current,
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series

  𝑉 𝑅
 
𝐼= 𝐶
 
𝑍

𝐿 
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
 
Where,
Important formulae,
  2 2 2   1
1. Impedance, 𝑍=√ 𝑅 +(𝑋 𝐿 − 𝑋 𝐶 ) 𝑋𝐶 =
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶  
𝑉
 
2. Current, 𝐼 = 𝑍

𝑅   𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊
3. Power Factor, cos 𝜃=
 
𝑍 ( ¿ =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 )
  −1 𝑅
 angle of lag when , or lead when 𝜃=𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑍
  𝑅 𝐼2 𝑅
4. Power consumed,  
( ¿ 𝐼𝑍 𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 =
𝑍 𝑍 )
R-C Circuit connected in Series
Example. A resistance of 8 Ω, an inductive reactance of 10 Ω,
and a capacitive reactance of 4 Ω are all connected in series
to a 220 V, 60 Hz supply. Determine the total impedance and
the current taken from the source.
Let,  
  𝑋 𝐿= 10 Ω
  𝑋 𝐶 =4 Ω
Impedance,
 

   
Current,
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
How RLC Circuits are used?
The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for current, and
resonates in a similar way as an LC circuit. ... RLC
circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio
receivers and television sets use them for tuning to select a
narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves.
What does it mean when an RLC circuit is at resonance?
The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the
inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude
but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees apart in
phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is
useful in tuning applications.
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
Resonance Frequency
 𝑋 𝐿= 𝑋 𝐶

  1   √1
2 π 𝑓𝐿= 𝑓=
2 π 𝑓𝐶 √4 π 2
𝐿𝐶
2
  π 𝑓𝐿(2 π 𝑓𝐶 )=1

  2 π 2 𝑓 2 𝐿𝐶 =1
2   1
𝑓=
  4 2 π √ 𝐿𝐶
  4
  2 1
𝑓 = 2
4 π 𝐿𝐶
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
What is an example of a resonance?
Pushing a person in a swing is a common example of
resonance. The loaded swing, a pendulum, has a natural
frequency of oscillation, its resonant frequency, and resists
being pushed at a faster or slower rate.
R-L-C Circuit connected in Series
A circuit has a capacitance of 35 microfarad and an inductance of
0.2 H. Calculate the resonant frequency of the circuit.
a. 65 Hz c. 50 Hz
b. 60 Hz d. 55 Hz

Solution   1
𝑓=
2 π √ 𝐿𝐶
  1
𝑓=
35
√
2 π ( 0.2 ) ∗(
1000,000
)

 𝑓 =60 𝐻𝑧