ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY- is a form of energy

generated by friction, induction or
chemical change, having magnetic,
chemical and radiant effect. In short,
electricity is Electron in motion.
The Electron Theory
Structure of Matter
 Matter- anything that occupy space and has weight
 Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed
any further by chemical action
 Compound- a combination of two or more element
 Molecule- smallest particle that a compound can be
reduced to before it breaks down into its elements
What is an ELEMENT?

 A substance
composed of a
single kind of
atom

 Cannot be broken
into another
substance by
chemical and
physical means
 It is a substance that is made of only one type of atom.
It is the simplest substances in the universe

What is an Element?
A substance that cannot be decomposed any further by a
chemical reaction.
A. Ion C. Molecule
B. Element D. None of these

When reduced to the most nominal component, the smallest

element of matter is which of the following:
A. One ohm of electrical current C. Electrons
B. An atom D. None of the above

A substance whose molecules consist of the same kind of atoms is

called__.
A. proton C. element
B. valence D. compound
What is an ATOM?

 The smallest building

blocks of matter
 Each element on the
periodic table is
composed of one type
of atom and cannot be
broken down into
simpler substance
 Composed of sub-
atomic particles. The
proton, neutron and
electrons.
What is an ATOM?
What is an ATOM?
Particles of an Atom

Particle Location Charge Mass

Electron Orbital Shells     (-C)    gm

Proton Nucleus    (+C)   

gm

 
Neutron Nucleus  None   gm
 Facts of an Atom
 The nucleus also contains neutrons, which are
slightly heavier than protons and have no electrical
charge.
 The masses of a proton and a neutron are almost
equal.
 The mass of proton and neutron is approximately
1840 times the mass of electron.

What is an Element?
 Facts of an Atom
 the atomic structure of any stable atom has an equal
number of electrons and protons.
 The orbiting electron carries a negative charge
equal in magnitude to the positive charge of the
proton.
 Different atoms have various numbers of electrons in
concentric orbits called shells around the nucleus.

What is an Element?
When reduced to the most nominal component, the
smallest element of matter is which of the following:
a.) One ohm of electrical current b.) An atom
c.) Electrons d.) None of the above

Component of an atom that doesn’t have any electrical

charge.
a.) Electron c.) Neutron
b.) Proton d.) None of these
 Orbital Shells of an Atom

K shell –first orbit(innermost)

L shell-second orbit
M shell-third orbit
N shell-fourth orbit
O shell-fifth orbit

What is an Element?
 Atomic Structure of a Copper

What is an atom?
 An electron is__.
A. a neutron C. an proton partick
B.a proton D. smallest part of an atom with
a negative charge

The smallest whole unit of an element like uranium is

A. molecule C. ion
B. atom D. electron

Which of the following is NOT a part of an atom?

A. electron C. neutron
B. proton D. coulomb

What is an Element?
Valence Electrons

 Electrons in the
outermost shell of
an atom
 They determine the
element’s chemical
properties.
 Important because
these are electrons
involved in bonding.
 Conductor = 1 to 3
Insulator = more than 4

Semiconductor = 4

What is a VALENCE ELECTRON?

Conductors, Semiconductors and
Insulators

What is a VALENCE ELECTRON?

If the number of valence electrons is exactly four, the
material is.
a.) a conductor c.) an insulator
b.) a semi-conductor d.) a superconductor

How do you call the electrons in the last orbit of an atom?

a.) bound electrons c.) valence electrons
b.) free electrons d.) charged electrons

In order for a material to be called a conductor, what is the

maximum number of valence electrons it can have?
a.) only one c.) three
b.) two d.) none of these
How
ELECTRICITY
is made?
How ELECTRICITY
is made?

1 Without an external force, this

erratic motion of electrons doesn't
cause any electric current because the
charges all get cancelled out
How ELECTRICITY
is made?
1 Without an external force, this
erratic motion of electrons doesn't
cause any electric current because the
charges all get cancelled out
2 When you apply an external
potential difference on the conductor,
all the electrons experience a repulsive
force in the same direction, and this
channels all the electron movement in
a single direction. This gives rise to
electric current.
Analogy for Electric current
For every tennis ball that enters the tube, one ball leaves
the tube

Electrons also act this way

How ELECTRICITY
is made?
 A charge of electricity is
formed
when numerous electrons
break free of their atoms
and gather in one area
 When the electrons begin to move in one direction (as
along a wire, for example), the effect is a flow of
electricity, an electric current.
 Actually,  electric  generators  and  batteries  could  be
called electron pumps, because they remove electrons
from one part of an electric circuit.
Static Electricity
 As on object loses electrons, the other object gains
them.
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectric Effect Is the ability of a certain materials to
generate electric charge in response to the applied
mechanical stress.
Electrochemistry
 Study of chemical reactions which takes place at the
interface of electrode usually of solid, metal or
semiconductor and ionic conductor, the electrolyte.

 Deals with the interaction

between electrical energy
and chemical change.
The electromotive force required to cause a current to flow
may be obtained ____. I. Thermally II. Mechanically
III. Chemically
A. I only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III
A negatively charged body has ______.
A. Excess of electrons C. Deficit of electrons
B. Excess of Neutrons D. Deficit of neutrons
The transferring of electrons from one material to another
would be__.
A. Electrochemistry C. Solar Electricity
B. Static Electricity D. Piezoelectricity
The greater the number of free electrons the better the
____ of a metal
A. Insulation value C. Voltage drop
B. Resistance D. Conductivity
Which of the following is the poorest conductor of
electricity?
A. Mercury C. Carbon
B. Aluminum D. Silver
____ can be generated. (I.) Electricity (II.) Electrical Energy
A. I only C. both I and II
B. II only D. neither I nor II
Fundamentals of Electricity
Electrical Charge
 Basic quantity in a circuit
 Defined as electrical property of a material. Exist as
negative (electron) and positive (proton) charges.
 Measured in Coulomb
 1 electron = -1.602 x 10-19C
 Positive and negative charge move in different
direction.
 Creates electric current
 Consider electric current as movement of positive
charge.
 Charge maybe constant or varying.
Electrical Charge
The unit used to measure the
quantity of electrical charge Q is
called the coulomb C (where 1
coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons).

If the drift of electrons in a

conductors takes place at the rate
of one coulomb per second the
resulting current is said to be a
current of one ampere.
Thus, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second or 1A= 1C/s
Hence, 1 coulomb = 1 ampere second or 1C =1As
Electrical Charge
Generally, If I is the current in amperes and t the time in
seconds during which the current flows, then I x t
represents the quantity of electrical charge in coulombs, i.e.
quantity of electrical charge transferred,
 𝑄=𝐼 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑠
Example. What current must flow if 0.24 coulombs is to be
transferred in 15 ms?
 Since the quantity of electricity, Q = It, then
Electrical Charge
Example. If a current of 10 A flows for four minutes, find the
quantity of electricity transferred.
 Given:

Unknown:
 Solution:

Step 1: convert (t) minutes to seconds

Step 2: Solve for the quantity of charge

Unit of electric charge.
A. Ohm C. Coulomb
B. Volt D. Farad

Ampere is equivalent to
A. coulomb-second C. volts per coulomb
B. coulomb per second D. coulomb per volt

In order for a material to be called a conductor, what is the

maximum number of valence electrons it can have?
A. only one C. three
B. two D. none of these
Current

• The flow of free electrons in the same general direction from

atom to atom is referred to as current and it is measured in
amperes (“amps” or “A”).
• The number of electrons that flow through a conductor’s cross-
section in one second determines amps. Current can be
expressed in a number of different ways, such as:
Current
• When discussing current, the direction of current flow needs
to be considered. There are two different theories about this:
Conventional Flow: It states that an invisible fluid known as
electricity tended to flow through a wire from the positive to
the negative.

Electron Flow: Electrons flow from negative to positive. Since

electrons are negatively charged, it follows that they are
attracted by positively charged bodies and repelled by
negatively charged bodies.
Potential Difference (Voltage)
 Fora continuous current to flow between two points in a circuit a
potential difference (p.d.) or voltage , is required between them;
a complete conducting path is necessary to and from the source
of electrical energy. The unit of p.d. is the volt, .
Current will flow in a conductor as long as voltage, the electrical
pressure, is applied to the conductor. Voltage is expressed in a
number of ways:
Potential Difference (Voltage)

There are two methods that voltage forces current to flow:

Direct current: With this method, the voltage forces the
electrons to flow continuously in one direction through a
closed circuit. This type of voltage is called Direct Current (DC)
voltage. Batteries and DC generators produce DC voltage.

Alternating current: With this method, voltage forces

electrons to flow first in one direction, then in the opposite
direction, alternating very quickly. This type of voltage is
called Alternating Current (AC) voltage. A generator is used to
produce AC voltage. The voltage generated by utility
companies for our home, factories and offices is AC voltage..
Potential Difference (Voltage)

There are two methods that voltage forces current to flow:

Phasor Diagram

Circuit Diagram
Resistance
 Thisis the third characteristic of electricity. The restriction to
the flow of electrons through a conductor is called resistance
and it is measured in ohms and abbreviated “”, the Greek
symbol Omega. Resistance is expressed in a number of ways:
Resistance
In general, there are four factors that affect the amount of
resistance in a conductor:

 Material
Resistance
In general, there are four factors that affect the amount of
resistance in a conductor:
 Material “The longer the conductor, the
 Length more resistance in the conductor.
Resistance is increased or
decreased in proportion to the
conductor’s length.”
Resistance
In general, there are four factors that affect the amount of
resistance in a conductor:
 Material
 Length
 Cross-Sectional Area

“As the cross-sectional area of a conductor

increases, the resistance decreases, and vice
versa. For example, if the area of a conductor is
doubled, the resistance is cut in half.”
Resistance
In general, there are four factors that affect the amount of
resistance in a conductor:
 Material
 Length
 Cross-Sectional Area
 Temperature
Current, Voltage and Resistance

The flow of electric current is subject to friction. This

friction, or opposition, is called resistance R and, is the
property of a conductor that limits current. The unit of
resistance is the ohm; 1 ohm is defined as the resistance
which will have a current of 1 ampere flowing through it
when 1 volt is connected across it

  𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑣 )
resistance (𝑟)=
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖)
What will happen to the resistance of a conductor when
its temperature is increased?
A. It will increase C. It varies
B. It remains constant D. It will decrease
The property that opposes any change in current?
A. Impedance C. Inductance
B. Resistance D. Capacitance
The resistance of a material is inversely proportional to
its_____ .
A. Length C. Cross sectional area
B. Temperature D. All of these
Current that continually review its direction.
a.) Pulsating direct current c.) Direct current
b.) Alternating Current d.) Pulsating alternating current
The definition of ampacity is ______.
a.) The current-carrying capacity of conductors
expressed in volt-ampere
b.) The current –carrying capacity expressed in amperes
c.) The current-carrying capacity of conductors expressed
in wattage
d.) The current in amperes a conductor can carry
continuously under the conditions of use without
exceeding its temperature rating.