MATH6102 – Business Mathematics

Week 4

Topic 4: Lines, Parabolas and Systems

 Chapter Outline

4.1. Lines
4.2. Linear Function
4.3. Quadratic Functions
4.4. Systems of Linear Equations
4.5. Nonlinear System
4.6. Exponential Functions
4.1. LINES
 Slope of a Line

• Let
   (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be to different points on a nonvertical line. The
slope of the line is
 (slope formula)
 (point-slope form)
 (slope-intercept form)
constant  (vertical line)
constant  (horizontal line)
 In summary, we can characterize the orientation of a line by its slope:
Zero slope  horizontal line
Undefined slope  vertical line
Positive slope  line rises from left to right
Negative slope line falls from left to right
Slope of a Line
 Example: Point-Slope
Form
•Find
  an equation of the line that has slope 2 and passes
through (1, -3).

Solution:
Using a point-slope m = and (x1, y1) = (1, -3) gives
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – (-3) =
y + 3 = 2x – 2
2x – y – 5 = 0
 Example: Determining a Line
from Two Points
•   an equation of the line passing through (-3, 8) and (4, -2).
Find

Solution:
The line has slope:
m= = =
Using a point-slope from with (-3, 8) as (x1, y1) gives
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 8 = [x – (-3)]
y – 8 = (x + 3)
7(y – 8) = (x + 3)
7y – 56 = x + 30
10x + 7y – 26 = 0
 Example: Slope-Intercept
Form

•   an equation of the line with slope 3 and y-intercept – 4

Find

Solution:
Using a slope-intercept form y = mx + b with m = and b = - 4
gives
y = mx + b
y = 3x – 4
 Example: Find the Slope
and y-Intercept of a Line
Find the slope and and y-intercept with equation y = 5(3 – 2x)

Solution:
y = mx + b
y = 5(3 – 2x)
y = 15 – 10x
Thus, m = -10 and b = 15, so the slope is -10 and and y-intercept is 15
4.2. LINEAR FUNCTION
 Linear Function

 A linear function was defined as a polynomial function of

degree 1.
 A function f is a linear function which can be written as f(x) =
ax + b where a ≠ 0
 Example, f(x) = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 1
 Graphing a General Linear
Equation
Sketch the graph of 2x – 3y + 6 = 0

Solution:
• If x = 0, then – 3y + 6 = 0, so the y-intercept is 2,
line passing through (0, 2).
• If y = 0, then 2x + 6 = 0, so the x-intercept is -3,
line passing through (-3, 0).
4.3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
 Quadratic Functions

 A quadratic function was defined as a polynomial function of

degree 2
 Quadratic function is written as
 f  x   ax 2  bx  c
where a, b and c are constants and a≠0
 Example, f  x   x 2  3x  2
 f ( x)  1 , is not quadratic
2
x
 Graphing a Quadratic Function

The graph of quadratic function y  f  x   ax 2  bx  c

is a parabola
1. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward. If a < 0, the parabola
opens downward.
 b 2
b  4ac 
 
2. The vertex is  2a ,  
4a 
3. The y-intercept is c
4. Axis of symmetry, factorial or
 Example: Graphing a Quadratic Function

Graph the quadratic function Y  f  x    X 2  4 X  12

Solution:
1. a = -1, b= -4, c = 12, so a < 0, it opens downward
2. The vertex is (-2, 16)
b 4
X    2
2a 2(1)
b 2  4ac (4) 2  4( 1)(12)
Y    16
4a 4(1)
3. Y = 12
4. Axis of symmetry - factorial
0   X 2  4 X  12
0   X  6  X  2 
X 1  6 and X 2  2
4.4. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
 Systems of Linear
Equations

• To solve systems of linear equations in both

two and three variables by using the technique
of elimination by addition or by substitution.
 Example:
Solving a Two-Variable Linear System
•   elimination by addition to solve the system.
Use

Solution:
|x3 
|x4 

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4.5. NONLINEAR SYSTEM
 Nonlinear System

• A system of equations with at least one nonlinear equation is

called a nonlinear system.
• if a nonlinear system contains a linear equation, usually solve
the linear equation for one variable and substitute for that
variable in the other equation
• Example, x 2  2x  y  7  0

 3x  y  1  0
Solution: x 2  2 x   3 x  1  7  0
x2  x  6  0
 x  3  x  2  0
x  3 or x  2
y  8 or y  7
4.6. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• The function f defined by
f  x  bx
where b > 0, b  1, and the exponent x is any real number, is
called an exponential function.
• Rules for Exponents:
 Example: Exponent

1. 32 = 3 x 3 = 9
2. 24 x 23= 24+3 = 27= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
3. 55 : 53 = 55-3 = 52= 5 x 5
4. (4 x 2)3 = 43 x 23 = (4 x 4 x 4) x (2 x 2 x 2)
 Graph the Exponential
Function
Example:
f(x) = (1/2)x

Solution:
Properties of Exponential
Functions
 References

• Ernest F. Haeussler,Richard S. Paul,Richard J. Wood. (2019).

Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences. 14. Pearson Canada Inc.
Ontario. ISBN: 9780134141107.
• Chapter 3, 4.
Thank You