TITLE- Reactions of Few

cofactor

Jyoti kaushal
 reactions of Few cofactor- and some
Mechanism-

 Nicotinamide Adenine Dincleotide (NAD+) and Nicotinamide

Adenine Dincleotide Phosphate (NADP)
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 FAD and FAM
 TPP
 Coenzyme-B12
 Aldol reaction
 Claisen reaction
 Prenyl transfer reaction
 INTRODUCTION-
 Cofactor- It is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an
enzyme activity as a catalyst. A substance that increase the rate of chemical reaction.
Cofactors can be considered ‘helper molecules’ that assist in biochemical
transformations.
 Organic cofactor- Organic cofactor are small organic molecule that can be either loosely
or tightly bound to the enzyme and directly participate in the reaction.
 Inorganic cofactor- Inorganic cofactor are essential ions.
 Apoenzyme- Enzyme - cofactor
 Holoenzyme- Enzyme + cofactor
 A)Nicotinamide Adenine Dincleotide (NAD+)
and Nicotinamide Adenine DincleotidePhosphate (NADP)
 This is a coenzyme synthesized from Nicotinamide, a member of vitamin B complex.
 The structure of NAD+ could be written as: Nicotinamide-Ribose-P-P-Ribose-Adenine
 The reversible reaction of lactate to pyruvate is catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, but the
actual transfer of hydrogen is taking place on the coenzyme, NAD+.
 Functions in Redox Reactions by accepting and donating 2e- and 1 H+
Reactions :-
 1)

2)
3)

Mechanism of reduction by NAD+ and NADP+

B) Adinosine triphosphate (ATP)

 ATP is considered to be the energy currency in the body.
 During the oxidation of food stuffs, energy is released, a part of which is stored as chemical
energy in the form of ATP.
 In the ATP molecule, the second and third phosphate bonds are 'high energy' bonds.
 For example;
Hexokinase
Glucose --------------------------------→ Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP → ADP
 C) Reactions of FAD and FMN

D).Thiamine pyrophosphate

E)Coenzyme –B12
 Aldol reaction where an aldehyde is condensed in a reversible reaction with another
aldehyde or ketone.
 Claisen reaction in which a co-enzyme A thioester is condensed with an aldehyde or
ketone.
 Prenyl transfer reaction where two 5carbon units are condensed to form isoprenoids.
 Aldol and clasien reaction involve carbonyl chemistry. These reaction are prevalent in
glycolysis, fatty acid biosynthesis degradation and the pentose phosphate pathway.
 ALDOL REACTION-
 When the enolate of an aldehyde or a ketone reacts at the α-carbon with the carbonyl of
another molecule under basic or acidic conditions to obtain β-hydroxy aldehyde or
ketone.
CLASIEN REACTION
 Claisen condensation is a carbon–carbon bond forming reaction that
occurs between two esters or one ester and another carbonyl
compound in the presence of a strong base, resulting in a β-keto ester
or a β-diketone.
PREYNL TRANSFER REACTION
 All prenyl transfer reactions involve dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
(DMAPP) and isopentylpyrophosphate (IPP)
 Most reactions involve carbo cation intermediates.
THANKYOU