Professional Documents
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Effective Speech and Oral Communication
Effective Speech and Oral Communication
Effective Speech and Oral Communication
Communication
PART I
COMMUNICATION
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Sound
(Vibration)
THREE BASIC LISTENING MODES
1. Listener is preoccupied.
2. More interested in what he has to say that he
listens mainly to find an opening to get the floor.
3. He is formulating and listening to his own
rebuttal than to what the speaker is saying.
4. He is listening to his own personal beliefs about
what is being said.
5. He is evaluating and making judgment about the
speaker or the message.
6. He is not asking for clarification when he knows
that he does not understand.
LISTENING TIPS
Usually, it is important to paraphrase and
use your own words in verbalizing your
understanding of the message.
Depending on the purpose of interaction
and your understanding of what is relevant,
you could reflect on the other person’s:
a. account of the facts
b. thoughts and beliefs
c. feelings and emotions
d. wants, needs or motivation
e. hopes and expectations
LISTENING TIPS
Don’t respond to just the meaning of the words;
look for feelings or intent beyond the words.
Inhibit from immediately answering questions.
Know when to quit using active listening.
If you are confused and know that you do not
understand , ask the speaker to say it another way.
When the speaker is emotionally disturbed, use
active listening as a response to him.
Use eye contact and listening body language.
Be emphatic and not judgmental.
Become a more effective listener.
PART 3
SPEECH
LANGUAGE
Instrument of communication
— Oral or written
— Verbal and Non-verbal
Oral Communication
—Spoken language
—Production of sound representation of language
—Voice is the primary tool
VOICE
Voice and Speech
— Voice is the production of sound
— Speech is the combination of sounds
Motor
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Vibrator
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Resonators
THE SPEECH MECHANISM
Articulators
CLASSIFICATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH
MECHANISM
Motor
— Respiratory muscles which are responsible for the regulation, expulsion
and control of air
Vibrator
— Vocal bands or cords to produce sound waves through vibration of the air
Resonators
— Nose, mouth, and throat. Modulate sound waves
Articulators
— Lips, teeth, tongue, upper gums, lower jaw, hard palate, and ovula. Give
definite shape and character of sounds as air passes through the mouth or
nose.
BREATHING AND FLEXIBILITY
Fricatives
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [x] [ɣ] [h]
In the production of some continuants,
the airflow is so severely obstructed that
it causes friction, and the sounds are
therefore called fricatives.
FRICATIVES
Fricatives Examples Production
labiodental [f], [v] the friction is created at
the lips and teeth,
fricatives where a narrow passage
permits the air to
escape
interdental [θ], [ð] the friction occurs at
the opening between
fricatives the tongue and teeth
alveolar [s], [z] the friction created at
the alveolar ridge
fricatives
FRICATIVES
Fricatives Examples Production
palatal fricatives [ʃ], [ʒ] friction created as the
air passes between the
mission [mɪʃən] tongue and the part of
measure [mԑʒər] the palate behind the
alveolar ridge
In English, the voiced palatal fricative never begins words except for foreign words such as genre.
The voiceless palatal fricative begins the words shoe [ ʃu] and sure [ ʃur] and ends the words rush
[rʌʃ] and push [pʊʃ].
[tʃ] [dʒ]
These sounds are produced by a stop
closure followed immediately by a gradual
release of the closure that produces an
effect characteristic of a fricative.
The palatal sounds that begin and end the
words church and judge are voiceless and
voiced affricates, respectively.
Affricates are not continuants because of
the initial stop closure.
GLIDES
[j] [w]
The sounds [j] and [w], the initial sounds
of you [ju] and we [wi], are produced with
little obstruction of the airstream.
They are always followed directly by a
vowel and do not occur at the end of
words.
After articulating [j] or [w], the tongue
glides quickly into place for pronouncing
the next vowel, hence the term glide.
VOWELS
3. Three-Syllable words
For three syllable words, look at the word
ending (the suffix), using the following as your
guide.
8. Prefixes
Usually, prefixes do not take the stress of a
word. There are a few exceptions to this rule,
however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are
all stressed in their prefix.
Examples: ex: e-XAM-ple, ex-pla-NAtion, e-XAM-ine
in: IN-side, IN-efficient, IN-terest
mis: MIS-spoke, MI-stake, MIS-spelled
pre: PRE-cede, PRE-ar-range, PRE-li-min-ary
RULES ON WORD STRESS
15. Numbers
If the number is a multiple of ten, the stress is placed
on the first syllable.
Examples: TEN
FIF-ty
ONE-hundred
INTONATION
INTONATION
PUBLIC SPEAKING
INTRODUCTION
Public
professions
Personal
●
participate in
in family and
enhances chan ce of
democracy at its
community
●
nallevel
securing
most basic
advancing
employment and
builds self-confidence
in career
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
THREE TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Magnification
It means giving benefit to the audience,
amplifying emotion, and exceeding
expectations.
Identification
It involves creating familiarity and closeness.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Speech of Introduction
Toast and Roast
Speech to Present an Award
Acceptance Speech
Keynote Address
Commencement Speech
Commemorative Speeches and Tributes
After-Dinner Speech
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Speech of Introduction
A speech of introduction is a brief presentation
used to introduce the main speaker of an event
and to inspire the audience to listen to that
speaker.
The introductory speech usually has three
components:
1. provide a brief backdrop or background of
the main speaker
2. introduce the speaker’s topic
3. an invitation from the audience to warmly
welcome the speaker
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Toast
A toast is a brief tribute
to a person or event.
Roast
A roast is a variation of
the toast in which the
speaker pays tribute to a
person by poking fun at
her or him in a friendly
way.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Presentational Speech
Also called a speech to present an
award, the presentational speech
serves to highlight the merits of
the award recipient and to point
out the purpose and significance
of the award being given.
Acceptance Speech
Also called the speech to accept
an award, the acceptance speech
gives the recipient an opportunity
to express appreciation for the
award as well as humility and
grace.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Keynote Address
The keynote address
represents the
keynote of a larger
idea taking place at a
conference or
exposition usually
organized around a
central theme.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
Commencement
Speech
The commencement
speech is given by a
well-known person
of local, national, or
international acclaim
to mark a university
or secondary school
graduation
ceremony.
TYPES OF SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECHES
After-dinner Speech
During the after-dinner speech, audiences
expect to be entertained by a speech that
informs them about a particular issue.
This speech sometimes uses humor to
make a serious point.
IDENTIFYING YOUR SPEAKING STYLE
Cool presenter
Hot presenter
Dull presenter
SPEAKING COMPETENCIES
Useful Topic
Engaging Introduction
Clear Organization
Well-Supported Ideas
Closure in Conclusion
Clear and Vivid Language
Suitable Vocal Expression
Corresponding Nonverbals
Adapted to the Audience
Adept Use of Visual Aids
Convincing Persuasion
DELIVERING YOUR PRESENTATION
Memorized Speaking
Guidelines
1. Do not deliver your memorized speech
too rapidly
2. Avoid patterns of vocal inflection that
make the presentation sound recited
3. Use gestures and movement to add
interest and emphasis to your message
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Impromptu Speaking
“off the cuff”
Guidelines
1. Consider your audience
2. Be brief
3. Organize
4. Draw upon your personal experience and
knowledge
5. Use gestures and movement that arise
naturally from what you are saying
6. Be aware of the potential impact of your
communication
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Extemporaneous Speaking
Method of delivery preferred by most audiences
Guidelines
1. Use a full-content preparation outline when
you begin to rehearse your presentation
2. Prepare an abbreviated delivery outline and
speaking notes
3. Do not try to memorize your message word
for word
4. As you deliver your presentation, adapt it to
your audience
METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Make up of Audience
Superiors
Peers
Team members
Special interest groups
Mixed groups
TIME TO OUTLINE
Gather materials
Examples
Statistics
Testimony
PREPARING THE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Body
A. Main point
B. Main point
1. Sub-point
2. Sub-point
a. Sub sub-point
b. Sub sub-point
III. Conclusion
BUILDING THE BODY
Begin developing your speech by working on
the middle first, or the body.
The body covers everything you want to say
during your speech.
The body should have three to five main points
for a 20 minute to half hour presentation.
And if you want your audience to remember
those points, the most effective approach is
point development.
Once your speech is over, the audience is
going to remember main points only.
MAKING AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION
Arouse Curiosity.
Give an arresting synopsis of what you will explore. Or you
may question your audience. This draws the audience in
immediately.
PREPARING THE CONCLUSION
Two Purposes
1. Let the audience know you are ending
2. Reinforce central idea
EFFECTIVE VERBAL DELIVERY
• Figurative
Language
– Metaphors
(implied
comparisons)
– Similes (over
comparisons)
– Personification
(attribution of
human qualities
to non-human
things or ideas)
CRAFTING MEMORABLE
WORD STRUCTURES
• Drama
– Omission (strip a phrase or sentence of
nonessential words that the audience
expects)
• Do you believe that he can cope …?
– Inversion (invert the usual subject-verb-
object sentence pattern)
• Him the crowd adores.
– Suspension (saving a key word or
phrase for the end of a sentence)
• They tried, they fought, they did their best.
CRAFTING MEMORABLE
WORD STRUCTURES
• Cadence
– Parallelism (two or more clauses have the
same grammatical pattern)
– Antithesis (the two structures contrast)
• From rags to riches, from beans to beef, from water
to wine.
– Repetition (repeat key word or phrase)
• The game was lost. The game was finished before it
began. The game was a farce of sportsmanship.
– Alliteration (repetition of an initial
consonant sound several times in a phrase,
clause, or sentence)
• They have bribed us with promise,
blackmailed us with threats, and bled us with
taxes.
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
• Eye contact
• Physical delivery
– Gestures
– Movement
– Posture
• Facial expression
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
• Vocal Delivery
– Volume
– Pitch
– Rate
– Articulation
• Appearance
EFFECTIVE NONVERBAL DELIVERY
RECAP Characteristics of Nonverbal Delivery
Gestures should be relaxed, definite, varied, and appropriate.
Movement should be purposeful
Posture should feel natural and be appropriate to your topic,
audience, and occasion
Eye Contact should be established before you say anything and
sustained throughout your presentation
Facial Expression should be alert, friendly, and appropriate
Volume should be loud enough to be heard and varied
Pitch should be varied to sustain audience interest
Rate should be neither too fast or too slow
Articulation should be clear and distinct
Appearance should conform to what the audience expects
FINAL TIPS FOR DELIVERING YOUR
PRESENTATION