CEE 213: Surveying and Introduction to GIS

Remote Sensing
Distribution of numerical scores
Class attendance 5%  
Assignment 10
In-Class Exams 20%
Midterm Exam 30% 1.5 hours
Final Exam 30% 2.0 hours
Viva 5%

Text Book:
Surveying Vol I, II and III, by B.C. Punmia
Reference Books:
Surveying and Leveling by N. N. Basak
 CEE 213: Course Content
• Introduction
• Chain Surveying
• Traverse Surveying
• Leveling and Contouring
• Calculation of Areas and Volumes
• Curves and Curve Ranging
• uses of modern surveying equipment.
• Tachometry: theory, field procedure, errors in tachometry
• Astronomical Surveying
• Hydrographic Surveying
• Photogrammetry
• Remote Sensing
• Introduction to Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Introduction to Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
 Introduction
Definition
Surveying is the art of finding the relative positions of different features above, on
or beneath the surface of the earth by taking measurements of distances, directions
and elevations and finally representing them as plans, maps and sections
Plotting of plans, maps and sections on a sheet of paper is made to some
suitable scale
-- A plan or map represent the horizontal projection of the area surveyed
– Map is represented in small scale
– Plan is represented in large scale
-- Vertical distances are correctly shown by drawing sections
• The earliest surveys were performed only for the purpose of recording the
boundaries of plots of lands
• Success of any engineering project depends upon the accurate and complete
survey work

Primary Divisions of Surveying

The surveying may primarily be divided into two division:
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Surveying
 Plane Surveying
o In this survey earth surface is assumed to be plane and the
curvature of earth is ignored
o This survey extends only over small area (~260 km 2)
o Lines connecting two points on the surface of the earth are
treated as straight and angles between such lines are taken as
plane angles  knowledge of plane geometry and trigonometry
is required
o Plane surveys are used for the layout of highway, railway, canal,
fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridges, factories etc.
o Subdivision:
a) Chain Surveying
b) Traverse Surveying
c) Plane Table Surveying and
d) Ordinary Leveling
 Plane Surveying…..contd
Chain Surveying
– Simplest type of surveying where the area to be surveyed is
divided into a number of triangles
– The lengths of the sides are measured and the interior details
are recorded
– The whole area is then plotted on a drawing sheet to a suitable
scale to prepare a map
 Plane Surveying…..contd
Traverse Surveying
– In this case the plot of the land to be surveyed is enclosed by a
series of straight lines making angles with one another
– The lengths of the lines and the angles are measured and
plotted with all interior details on a drawing sheet to a suitable
scale to produce a map
 Plane Surveying…..contd
Plane Table Surveying
– In this method observations and
plotting are done simultaneously

Ordinary Leveling
– In this surveying the relative
elevations of different points
on the surface of the earth
are determined
 Geodetic Surveying
o Involves larger areas (> 260km2)
o In this survey the curvature of the earth is taken into account i.e. the earth
surface is assumed to be spherical (3D)
o higher degree of accuracy in linear and angular measurements is achieved
o Such surveying extends over large areas and lines connecting any two
points are on the earth surface are treated as arc
 For calculating their projected distance on the plans or maps the
correction of the earth’s curvature is applied
o The angles between the curved lines are treated as spherical angles
o Subdivision:
a) Triangulation
b) Reciprocal Leveling
c) Stadia or Tacheometric Surveying
d) Astronomical Surveying
e) Photogrammetric Surveying
 Geodetic Surveying…….contd
Triangulation
• A network of well-defined triangles are formed on the plot of
land to be surveyed
• Only one line known as base line and all other angles are
measured very carefully
 Geodetic Surveying…….contd
Reciprocal Leveling
This type of surveying is required to
obtain the differences in levels
between two points which are
separated by obstacles

Stadia or Tacheometric Surveying

In this type of surveying vertical and
horizontal distances are computed
from stadia readings without using
chain or tape
 Geodetic Surveying…….contd
Astronomical Surveying
Photogrammetric Surveying
In this surveying latitude, longitude and
This is a method of surveying in which
time etc. of a plane on the surface of the
plans or maps are prepared from
earth are determined by observation of
photographs taken from suitable camera
some celestial bodies like the sun and the
stations
fixed stars
 Classification of Surveys: Based on Nature of Field
A. Land Surveys
1)Topographic Survey
– Carried out to determine the natural (hills, valleys, lakes, forests,
rivers etc.) as well as manmade features (roads, railways, towns,
villages, building, agricultural land etc.) of a country
2) Cadastral Survey
– Plotted in a larger scale compared to a topographic map
– Used to determine the boundaries of fields, houses, estates as well
as municipalities, cantonments etc.
3) City Survey
– Such surveys are carried out for the construction of roads, parks,
water supply system, sewerage system and other constructional
works for the development of township
B. Hydrographic Survey
 Deals with the measurement of water bodies like seas, rivers, lakes, etc.
for the purpose of navigation, development of port facilities, prediction
of tides and determination of mean sea level
Classification of Surveys: Based on the Purpose
A. Engineering or Project Surveys
• To collect data for planning, design and construction of an
engineering project like highway, railway, irrigation canal, water
supply, sewerage system, tunnels, dams, reservoirs etc.
B. Military or Defense Survey
• For the preparation of maps of the areas of strategic or military
importance
C. Mine or exploratory Survey
• To explore the hidden mineral (coal, copper, gold etc.) wealth
beneath the earth surface
D. Geological Survey
• To ascertain the composition of the earth crusts i.e. different strata
of rocks of the earth crust
E. Archaeological Survey
• To prepare maps of ancient culture i.e. antiquities
F. Marine or Navigation Survey
• To determine the position of harbors and the course of ships
G. Reconnaissance Survey
• Preliminary survey to inspect the area before the actual detailed
survey to ascertain how the survey works to be executed
Classification of Surveys: Based on Instrument Used
– Chain Surveying
– Compass Surveying
– Plane Table Surveying
– Theodolite Surveying
– Total Station Surveying
– Tacheometric Surveying
– Triangulation Surveying
– Photogrammetric Surveying
 Scales
Scales can be represented by the following two methods:
a) Numerical Scale
i. Engineer’s Scale: e.g. 1cm = 10m
ii. Fraction Scale: 1: 1000

b) Graphical Scale
A graphical scale is a line subdivided into plan
distances corresponding to some convenient
units of length on the ground
 Stages of Survey Operations
The entire survey operation may be divided into the following three stages:
a) Field Work
b) Office Work
c) Care and Adjustment of Instruments
Field Work
– Consists of the measurement of all necessary horizontal and vertical distances,
horizontal and vertical angles, elevation etc.
– Keeping a systematic record in a Field Book
– Field work is subdivided into:
• Reconnaissance
• Field measurement or observation
• Field Record
Office Work
– Consists of (i) drafting, (ii) computing, and (iii) designing based on the field
record
Care and Adjustment of Instrument
– High precision instruments like total station, GPS units, theodolites, levels
require more care
 Introducing Modern
Technologies

Introduction to Spatial Information System

Global Navigation Satellite System
Global Positioning System

GPS
Unit
in-car navigation systems
 Remote Sensing (RS)
RS with UAV/Drone

RS with Satellite

Aerial Photograph
Disaster Monitoring: SIDR Approaching

Eye of SIDR
 Post Disaster Damage Assessment

Affected Area: Jhalakathi

5m Storm Surge
Background Image: IKONOS (Nov 20, 2007)
Storm Surge Data Extracted using SPOT 4 NIR
(Nov 19, 2007)
Geographical Information System
 Web-GIS
to distribute geographic data remotely stored on dedicated machines
for databases, according to complex network architectures
Virtual Globe: Google Earth