ALVA’S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SHOBHAVANA CAMPUS ,MIJAR,MOODBIDRI

DK-574225
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21
SUBJECT NAME : DATA COMMUNICATION
SEM AND SECTION : 4TH ISE ‘A’
FACULTY INCHARGE :MR.PRADEEP NAYAK
SUBMITTED BY
TEAM A12
USN NAME
4AL19IS052 SHREYA L
4AL19IS053 SHREYAS MOOLYA
4AL19IS054 SHRIHASTHA
4AL19IS055 SHRIKARA R M
QUESTION NO:1
The period of a signal is 100ms.What is its frequency in kilohertz ?
SOLUTION:
•  
Period refers to the amount of time ,in seconds a signal needs to complete 1 cycle
Frequency refers to the number of period(cycles) in 1s.
Period is the inverse of the frequency is the inverse of period.

F = Hertz T = seconds

Signals can be analog or digital .Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range ;
digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
SOLUTION 1:

•  
DATA : THE PERIOD OF SIGNAL IS 100MS
FORMULA : F=
CALCULATION : F=
= S
=S
=10 Hertz
=10 X Kilohertz
= Kilohertz
QUESTION NO: 2
Draw a hybrid topology with a star backbone and three bus
network topologies
SOLUTION 2
TOPOLOGY
Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or network
devices are connected to each other.Topologies may define both physical
and logical aspect of the network.
Different topologies are: mesh star ,bus ,ring,hybrid.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Hybrid topology means constructing a network with two or more types of
topologies.
Often a network combines several topologies as a sub networks linked together
in a larger topology.
For instances ,one department of a business may have decided to use a bus
topology while another department has a ring.
The two can be connected to each other via a central controller in a star topology.
Example: main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a
bus topology
QUESTION NO 3:
A LINE HAS A SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO OF 2000 AND A BANDWIDTH
OF 5000KHZ. WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM DATA RATE ARE SUPPORTED
BY THIS LINE ?

•  
SOLUTION 3

The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as

SNR=

SNR is actually the ratio of what is wanted(signal) to what is not

wanted(noise)
A high SNR means the signal is less corrupted by noise
A low SNR means the signal is more corrupted by noise
SOLUTION 3:
•  
GIVEN:
B=5000KHZ = 5000XHz, SNR=2000
TO FIND:
SOLUTION: = BX
=5000 X X (1+2000)
=5000 X X
=5000 X X 10.96
=54.8Mbps
QUESTION NO:4
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM DATA RATE OF A CHANNEL
WITH A BANDWIDTH OF 200KHz IF WE USE FOUR LEVELS
OF DIGITAL SIGNALLING?
SOLUTION 4:
The data rate defines the number of data elements(bits) sent in 1s. The unit is
bits per second
The data rate depends on three factors:
1] the bandwidth available
2] the level of the signal we use
3] the quality of the channel
Bandwidth: although the actual bandwidth of a digital signal is infinite ,the
effective bandwidth is finite.
SOLUTION 4:

•  
HERE , BANDWIDTH = 200 KHz =200000 Hz
THE MAXIMUM DATA RATE CAN BE CALCULATED
AS
=2XBXL L=no of level
= 2 X 200000 X*4
=8X 108bps
=800 kbps.
QUESTION NO 5:
DRAW THE GRAPH OF THE NRZ-L SCHEME USING EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING DATA STREAMS ,ASSUMING THAT THE
LAST SIGNAL LEVEL HAS BEEN POSITIVE .FROM THE
GRAPHS GUESS THE BANDWIDTH FOR THIS SCHEME USING
THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF CHANGES IN THE SIGNAL
LEVEL
a]00000000
b]11111111
c]01010101
d]00110011
SOLUTION 5:
POLAR SCHEME
In polar schemes, the voltages are on both sides of the time axis. For example ,the
voltage level for 0 can be positive and the voltage level for 1 can be negative.

Non-return-to-zero(nrz)
In polar nrz encoding ,we use two levels of voltage amplitude. We can have two versions of polar
nrz:nrz-l and nrz-i.
In nrz-l the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
In nrz-i the inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value of the bit.
If there is no change ,the bit is 0; if there is a change, the bit is 1.
Nrz-l and nrz-1 both have an average signal rate of n/2 bd.
Nrz-l and nrz-i both have a dc component problem.
• In nrz-l, In NRZ-L, binary 1 is represented by positive voltage and 0 by negative voltage.
This scheme, though simple, creates problems: if there is a synchronization problem, it is
difficult for the receiver to synchronize, and many bits are lost. In NRZ-L, 1 is represented by
positive voltage and 0 by negative voltage.
• A data stream is a sequence of digitally encoded coherent signals which means packets of data
or data packets, used to transmit or receive information that is in the process of being
transmitted. A data stream is a set of extracted information from a data provider.
A]00000000
For this binary data of 00000000, the graph will just be a
horizontal straight line because zero means lack of inversion.
B]11111111
c]01010101
d]00110011