Session

on
Basics of Electrical Systems

By:- Sonu Singh

 Electrical Systems

AGENDA OF THE SESSION:

 Introduction of Students and My self

 Introduction to Electrical systems, components and Parameters

 The voltage levels in India

 AC-DC/Single-Three Phase/Star-Delta Concepts

 Voltage drop and Power Loss concepts

Introduction
What is a system?

A system is a combination of components that act together to

perform a specific goal.
What is an Electrical System?

An Electrical system is a combination of Electrical

components deployed to supply, transfer and utilize electric power.
 What all the Electrical Systems we have??

Power Plant Industries Facilities Substations

Thermal Steel IT companies Transmission lines
Hydro Oil and gas Hi rise buildings
Wind Cement Hospitals
Solar Sugar Shopping malls
Nuclear metro stations

Where ever there is power consumption there is an Electrical System

Software Companies
SR Nagar Metro Station
What all the components in Electrical system??
Before that what all the electrical loads we have?
Motor
Lighting
Heater
Electronic
 Electrical components are:

1. Motor
2. Generator 12. Motor starter
3. Breaker 13. Earth pit
4. Isolator 14. Bus duct
5. Cable 15. …….
6. Bus bar
7. Current transformer
8. Potential Transformer
9. Battery
10. UPS
11. ACSR conductor
Electrical Components and their SLD Symbols
 Basics
MV

LV
Basics
Basics
Basics
Basics
Basics
Basics
Now we got to know
 What all Electrical systems
 Electrical loads
 Electrical Components
What is meant by Electrical system design?

 Difference between product design and system design

 Electrical system design mean (Selection of components and their arrangement)
 Equipment selection and sizing
Motors
Cables
Transformers
PF correction
UPS etc…
 Subsystems selection
 Lighting/Earthing/Lightning
 System Studies
 Load flows/Short circuit/motor starting/harmonic
 Preparation of Deliverables
 SLD/Layouts/data sheets/Schematics
What all the Electrical Deliverables?
 Single Line diagrams
 Plant SLD
 Metering SLD
 Schematic drawings
 Data sheet preparation
 Specification sheet preparation
 Layouts
 Equipment layout
 Lighting layout
 Cable tray routing layout
 Calculations:
 Cable sizing
 Transformer sizing
 Generator sizing
What all the electrical Parameters we deal with
 Voltage
 Current
 Power
 Formula for current
 I=P/V
 I=P/ (V*cos pi)
 I=P/(SQRT 3*V*Cos pi)

Problem-1: 80W fan, how much current it draws

Problem-2: 10 HP motor, how much current it draws
Problem-3: 10KVA DG, 415V what is the current supplied by Dg
Basics
 Basics

240V 415V 1.1KV 3.3KV 6.6KV

1200KV 11KV

765KV 33KV
400KV 220KV 132KV 66KV
Why we have different voltage levels??
Case study-1
500MVA Generator, voltage level 11KV to 21KV

Current at 11KV – 26243 amp

Current at 132KV - 2186 amp
Current at 400KV - 721 amp
Current at 765KV - 377 amp
• Conductor Size
• Power loss
• Voltage drop
• Cost of infrastructure
 50MW - 132KV
135MW – 220KV

11KV transmission line cost 8 lakhs per km

33KV transmission line cost 12 lakhs per km
What is AC and DC?
Alternating current is an electric current which periodically reverses
direction, in contrast to direct current which flows only in one direction.
Why AC is dominant than DC??

All the loads can run on AC and DC

We have seen there is need of step up and step down of voltage
Which is not economical in DC, change the level of voltage
Which is very easy in AC, through transformer with more
efficiency
Where do we use DC??
•Certain loads need back up supply, like relays, trip coils etc…
•Back up supply means Battery in our Electrical Energy storage
•If we use DC loads instead AC, directly from Batteries it can be fed,
rather converting into AC again
What is single phase and three phase??
•Single-phase power is a two-wire alternating current (ac) power
circuit. Typically, there is one power wire—the phase wire—and one
neutral wire, with current flowing between the power wire (through
the load) and the neutral wire
•The system which has three phases, i.e., the current will pass
through the three wires
• Difference between Single phase and three phase

• 10HP motor single phase costlier and bulkier than 10

HP 3 phase motor
Why we don’t have multiphase??

Going from 1 phase to 3 phase gives efficient improvement by

50% increase (which can be utilized toward reduced copper by 75%).
Increasing the number of phases arbitrary more than that (infinite)
can only increase efficiency very little (some thing of the order of
7%).
What is star and
Delta??
Star Advantages:
Delta advantages:
We get neutral
If you need single phasing Automatically suppress harmonics
High voltage winding in transformer better Current can be reduced to low value, so
to be connected in star, phase voltage is less conductor size can be reduced
than line
Insulation requirement will be less
If you need any protections like restricted
earth fault protection etc…

This is just connection inside a machine

Introduction-3
Power = 5 KVA : Voltage = 230 V
If you have used 10 sq.mm Aluminum cable
Let me ignore reactance time being : R = 3 ohm per km
Here the Length is 100 meters

Power Loss = 2×I2×R×L Voltage Drop = 2×I×R×L

= 2×212×3×0.1 = 2×21× 3×0.1
= 264.6 W = 12.6 Volts
Power = 50 KVA : Voltage = 415 V
If you have used 70 sq.mm Aluminum cable
Let me ignore reactance time being : R = 0.443 ohm per km
Here the Length is 200 meters

Power loss = 3×I2×R×L Voltage Drop = √3×I×R×L

= 3×692×0.443×0.2 = √3×69× 0.443×0.2
= 1.27 KW = 10.588 Volts
Power = 100 KW : Voltage = 600 V
If you have used 70 sq.mm Aluminum cable
Let me ignore reactance time being : R = 0.443 ohm per km
Here the Length is 200 meters

Power loss = 2×I2×R×L Voltage Drop = 2×I×R×L

= 2×166.672×0.443×0.2 = 2×166.67× 0.443×0.2
= 4.92 KW = 324.87 Volts
Power = 10 MW : Voltage = 33 KV
If you have used 200 sq.mm Aluminum Conductor
If we consider 0.8 pf then 12.5 MVA is apparent power
Let me ignore reactance time being : R = 0.1716 Ohm per km
Here the Length is 16 KM

Power loss = 3×I2×R×L Voltage Drop = √3×I×R ×L

= 3×1752×0.1716×16 = √3×175×0.1716 ×16
= 252.3 KW = 832.19 Volts