DESIGNING ADVANCED

FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

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TODAY’S AGENDA
• Fighter Aircraft Requirements
• The Evolution of Stealth
Technology
• The Advanced Tactical Fighter
• The Design Process
• The Future of Aircraft Design
• Opportunities for ME’s in
Aerospace
• ASME
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 MY BACKGROUND
• Currently Director, ASME
Managing Director, Knowledge & Community
• Started out as an ASME student member -
just like you. A member for 26 years.
• BS Temple University, Philadelphia
• MA, CSUN, Northridge, CA
• Staff of Congressman Jon Fox (PA/13)
• Northrop Grumman – Lead Engineer
T-38 Talon • F-5E/F Tiger II • F-20 Tigershark • YF-23
Advanced Tactical Fighter, F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
• Rockwell Space Systems Division (Boeing)
Space Shuttle Program
• NASA Kennedy Space Center
Summer Intern - Space Shuttle Launch Facility Design
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 MODERN FIGHTER
AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
• Air Superiority – controlling the airspace within a limited area and within a
limited length of time
• Stealth – seeing the enemy before they see you
• Maneuverability – not top speed, but climbing performance, acceleration
and turning speed
• Aerodynamics – wing loading – aircraft weight divided by wing area – one
of the most important
• Range – ability of the aircraft to reach the combat zone and cover it
• Engine – thrust to weight ratio, favorable fuel consumption, low infrared
and smoke
• Avionics – Vehicle and systems management, reduced pilot workload, all
weather capability
• Armament- kind and quantity of stores on board
• Reliability and Maintainability – systems have a high operational rate and
are easy to repair

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 THE EVOLUTION OF
STEALTH AIRCRAFT
• From the earliest days,
deception and stealth have
been used to gain the
advantage over an enemy
in combat.
• Early combat aircraft
used camouflage to make
visual detection difficult.
• The advent of RADAR in
the late 1930’s and during Romulan “Bird of Prey”
WWII enabled the early • Equipped with “Cloaking Device.”
detection of aircraft in
flight.
• Made the craft invisible to 5
 THE EVOLUTION OF
STEALTH

NORTHROP YB-49 BOMBER

• Designed by Jack Northrop
in the late 1940’s.
• Role was as a strategic
bomber.
• Its unique wing shape
produced a low radar cross
section, although the goal
was improved performance.

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 THE EVOLUTION OF
STEALTH
DESIGN IN THE 50’S AND 60’S
• Stealth in aircraft design does
not mean invisible – it means
“Low Observable,” reducing the
radar cross section.
• Little effort in the 50’s and 60’s.
Integrating low observable
aspects meant compromising
performance – so designers
concentrated on speed,
maneuverability, and weapons.
• A-12/SR-71 has rounded lines,
wing/body blending, conical
center bodies, fuselage chine
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
and canted twin fins to reduce 7
radar reflectivity.
 STEALTH
CHARACTERISTICS

• Airframe shaped for Low

Radar Cross Section
•Use of Radar Absorbent
Material (RAM)
•Minimized engine noise
•Reduced infrared signature
•Reduced visual signature
•Use of electronic
countermeasures
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 THE FIRST STEALTH
AIRCRAFT
F-117A Nighthawk
• USAF and DARPA studies
initiated in 1973 – project
Have Blue
•Air Force invites proposals
to develop technology
prototype
•Lockheed and Northrop were
finalists and each built a
prototype for a “fly-off”
•Lockheed wins production Mission – covert reconnaissance
contract in 1976 and covert surgical strikes
Subsonic – limited performance 9
 FIGHTER GENERATIONS

Gen 1 – Earliest jet fighters: Germany’s Me 262, Britain’s Meteor, US F-80.

Hallmark was advance in speed over piston engine aircraft
Gen 2 – Korean War era: USAF f-86 and Soviet MiG-15. Designers maximized
performance by tailoring airframe to jet engine. (Use of swept wings is an
example)
Gen 3 – late 50s early 60s: USAF Century Series F-100, F-101, F-102,
F-104, F-105, F-106 and Soviet MiG-17 and MiG-21. Featured advanced missiles,
supersonic speed and sophisticated engines. F-4 Phantom was late Gen 3 fighter.

Gen 4 – mid 1970s: USAF F-15 and F-16 and Soviet Su-27 and MiG-29. Highly
maneuverable, sophisticated weapons, engines and avionics.

Gen 5 – today: all aspect stealth, internal weapons, plug and play electronics and
supercruise. USAF F-22 and F-35 coming.

Source - Air Force Magazine – Sept. 2008

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 STEALTH GROWS UP

• 1980 report concluded that B-1 bomber would be

unable to penetrate Soviet air space beyond 1990
• Positive results from Have Blue (F-117) justified
launch of a full-scale low-observable bomber
program (Advanced Technology Bomber – ATB)
• Lockheed/Rockwell team and a Northrop/Boeing
team responded to requests for proposals
• Northrop relied on experience studying stealth
technology and its extensive experience with
flying wing designs and was awarded the contract
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 STEALTH GROWS UP

NORTHROP – GRUMMAN
B-2 SPIRIT
• Length – 69ft
• Height – 17ft
• Wingspan – 172 ft
• Max Speed – Mach .85
•Range 6300 nm
• Armament – 40,000 lbs in
internal weapons bays
•Powerplant – four GE F-118-
GE-100 turbofans – 17,300 lbs 12
 DEVELOPING A TRULY
STEALTH FIGHTER
WHY THE NEED?
• Late 1970’s – Soviets building far more fighters than US
• Massive Soviet surface to air missile threat
• USAF looking to technology to counter Soviet numerical
advantage
• In 1981 USAF issued a Request for Information (RFI) for the
Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF)
• A RFI does not offer any money or production contracts, it
defines mission, the threat, service entry date and new features
that are desirable and feasible
• Supercruise (the ability to achieve supersonic flight without
afterburner) and stealth were considered essential components,
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although stealth was still considered an exotic technology
 DEVELOPING A TRULY
STEALTH FIGHTER
THE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM
• Air Force opts to build a truly air-to-air fighter to follow the F-15
Eagle air superiority fighter - designed to enter service in mid 90’s
• In 1983 USAF issues Request for Proposals (RFP) for ATF and
the Joint Advanced Fighter Engine (JAFE)
• General Electric and Pratt & Whitney vie for engine contract
• Lockheed, Rockwell, Grumman, McDonnell Douglas, General
Dynamics, Boeing and Northrop vie for aircraft contract
• McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics were thought to have
the inside track because of F-15 and F-16
• But stealth proved to be the deciding factor. Both Northrop and
Lockheed fell back on their stealth experience and proposed
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stealthy fighters that could perform as well as non-stealthy
 DEVELOPING A TRULY
STEALTH FIGHTER
THE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM
• In October 1986 the USAF awards the contracts to
build prototype aircraft to Northrop and Lockheed
• Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas to build the
YF-23A
• Lockheed - Boeing - General Dynamics comprised the
other team to build the YF-22A.
• Aircraft first flights in the Fall of 1990.
• Lockheed Martin awarded contract in April 1991. The
F-22 is now in production.
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 YF-23A BLACK WIDOW II
•Wing Span 43.6 ft • Two Prototypes were built
•Length 67.4 ft • PAV 1 - two Pratt & Whitney YF119
•Height 13.9 ft engines
• PAV 2 - two GE YF120 engines
•Wing area 900 sq. ft.
•Top Speed Mach 2+
•Range 800 Nm
•Altitude 65,000 ft
•Air Superiority
•Low Observable
•Super-cruise - mach
1+ without afterburner
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 NORTHROP GRUMMAN
AN AIRFRAME MANUFACTURER
• Responsible for the design,
manufacture and integration of aircraft
and aircraft sub-assemblies

F/A-18 Carrier
Takeoff
Boeing (McDonnell Douglas/Northrop)
F/A-18F Super Hornet 17
AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROCESS
• Customer Requirements
• Conceptual Design Phase
General size and configuration of the aircraft •
aerodynamics studies • thrust loading • wing
loading • wing sweep • general body, wing and tail
configurations
• Preliminary Design Phase
Best conceptual design is chosen for testing •
inlet/engine/airframe integration • major loads and
stresses • weight • stability and control • internal
arrangement
• Detailed Design Phase
Configuration frozen • Detailed structural design •
Detailed system design and installation •
Production drawings
• Development Phase
Manufacturing and assembly
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 AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING
GROUPS
• Aerodynamics
• Advanced Design
• Avionics (airborne electronics)
• Crew Station (cockpit)
• ECS (environmental control system)
• Electrical
• Flight Test
• Fuel Systems
• Hydraulic Systems
• Propulsion Integration (engines)
• Reliability and Maintainability
• Safety
• Structures
• Vehicle Management (flight control)
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 CONFIGURATION/
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATION
• Responsible for overall internal
and external systems arrangement
• Work with every design group and
coordinate and integrate their
designs into a single aircraft
design
• Final Product:
Inboard Profile Drawing • Aperture
F-20A Tigershark Arrangement • Three Views • Zone
Drawings

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 INBOARD PROFILE

F-23A Advanced Tactical Fighter

Profile View 21
 APERTURE
ARRANGEMENT

YF-23A Prototype Air Vehicle –

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Plan View
 AIRCRAFT DESIGN
IS A COMPROMISE
• It is the task of the aircraft design engineer
to balance the customer requirements with
the physical constraints, cost and time-
scale, in order to produce the most
effective aircraft possible.
• Aircraft Design Requires Teamwork
• No “one” design group is more important
than the others.
• Note: All Engineering involves
Compromises!

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 LOOK WHAT HAPPENS WHEN
DESIGN GROUPS HAVE THEIR WAY

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 ENGINEERING JOB
DESCRIPTIONS
• Design - From Concept to Production
• Good understanding of engineering principles
• See things in 3-D (Geometry, Graphics, Kinematics)
• Like to solve problems, come up with better ways of doing things
• Analysis - Verify engineering designs (Stress, Thermal,
Aerodynamics, Dynamics)
• Engineering Theory and Mathematics
• Problem solving
• Test - Verify functionality of design
• Basic understanding of engineering theory and design principles
• Lab work and strict guidelines and procedures
• Operations- Maintaining and operating final product
• Basic understanding of engineering design and systems
• Understand how and why things work

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YF-23A BLACK
WIDOW II

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 LOCKHEED
MARTIN F-22A
RAPTOR
•Wing Span 44.5 ft
•Length 62 ft 1 in
•Wing area 830 sq. ft.
•Top Speed Mach 2+
•Range 800 Nm
•Altitude 65,000 ft
•Air Superiority
•Low Observable
•Two Pratt & Whitney
F119-PW-100 Turbofans
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@ 35,000 lbs
LOCKHEED MARTIN X-35 (F-35)
JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER

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 Bureau of Labor Statistics -
Aerospace Outlook
Employment Change 2006 - 2016
•Aerospace engineers held about 90,000 jobs in 2006.
•Aerospace engineers are expected to have 10 percent growth in employment
over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations.
Increases in the number and scope of military aerospace projects likely will
generate new jobs. In addition, new technologies expected to be used on
commercial aircraft produced during the next decade should spur demand for
aerospace engineers. The employment outlook for aerospace engineers appears
favorable. The number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering has declined
for many years because of a perceived lack of opportunities in this field. Although
this trend has reversed, new graduates continue to be needed to replace
aerospace engineers who retire or leave the occupation for other reasons.

•Mechanical engineers held about 227,000 jobs in 2006.

•Mechanical engineers are projected to have 4 percent employment growth over
the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations.
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 AEROSPACE & ME
SALARIES
• Average starting salary for Bachelor’s degree
candidates in aerospace engineering is
$53,408 a year. (2007)

• Average starting salary for Bachelor’s degree

candidates in mechanical engineering is
$54,128 a year. (2007)

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 THE FUTURE

BOEING 787 DREAMLINER

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THE FUTURE

AIRBUS A380
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 THE FUTURE

Northrop Grumman X-47B Pegasus Unmanned Combat Air System

Demonstrator (UCAS-D).
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 THE FUTURE

BOEING 797 FLYING WING

PASSENGER JET 34
 THE FUTURE

SCALED COMPOSITES
SPACESHIP ONE
(Building Spaceship Two for Virgin Galactic)
http://www.scaled.com/index.html

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 THE FUTURE

SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES

FALCON 1 LAUNCH VEHICLE
http://www.spacex.com

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 THE FUTURE

ORION CREW EXPLORATION

VEHICLE 37
 THE FUTURE

ARES V Launch ARES I

Vehicle (two - 5 Launch
segment shuttle Vehicle (5
SRBs and a 33 ft segment
diameter liquid shuttle SRB
fueled booster for the 1st
with 5 RS-68 stage and a
engines for the 1st liquid fueled
stage and an Earth J2X engine for
Departure Stage the second
with a single J2X stage)
engine)

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 THE FUTURE

LUNAR SURFACE ACCESS MODULE

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THE FUTURE

ORION AND LSAM

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 For More Information
• ASME Professional Practice Curriculum (PPC)
The ASME Professional Practice Curriculum was developed by senior engineers,
managers, and faculty leaders for early-career engineers and engineering students to
supplement and enhance their formal engineering education. The curriculum covers a
diverse array of topics on principles of engineering and business practice and
professionalism aimed to better prepare graduates for entry into and early advancement in
the engineering profession.

http://professionalpractice.asme.org/

Industry Series – Aerospace Module

1) Introduction
2) Industry Scope
3) Industry Sectors
4) Industry Operations
5) Job Functions
6) Industry Outlook
7) Mapping Your Career
8) Industry Resources
9) Summary

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 Aerospace Web Sites
• Bureau of Labor Statistics
http://www.bls.gov/

• About Aerospace/Aviation - Links to many aerospace

employers http://aerospace.about.com/industry/aerospace/cs/aviationjobs/index.htm
• SpaceJobs.com - Aviation and Aerospace business news and
job search
http://www.spacejobs.com/index.shtml

• Aircraft Design Sites

http://www.aircraftdesign.com/other.html

• Aerospace Industries Association – sign up for AIA Update

http://www.aia-aerospace.org/

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 Aerospace Web Sites
• AOL Hometown - Aerospace Job Search
http://hometown.aol.com/aerojobs/Welcome.html
• Nation Job - Job database and search engine
http://www.nationjob.com/aviation/
• NASA - Job and internship information
http://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/
http://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/stud_opps/
• Aerospace Mall - A directory of many aerospace/aviation
related companies (From airframe to suppliers, from military
to general aviation)
http://www.aerospacemall.com/
• Internships
http://www.Tech-Interns.com

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 ASME STUDENT MEMBERSHIP
Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, today ASME
International is a nonprofit educational and technical organization serving a
worldwide membership of 100,000 members and 20,000 student members.

ASME offers students a wide range of technical and non technical benefits that
will enable them to grow professionally, learn about the engineering profession,
and gain valuable skills needed in today;s highly competitive work environment.

Any student enrolled in any curriculum leading to a degree in engineering at a

regionally accredited school is eligible to join. You don’t have to a Mechanical
Engineering Student.

Dues, $25 per year (10/1 thru 9/30) Freshmen can join for free.

http://www.asme.org/students or call 800-843-2763

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 For More Information
• Burt Dicht, Managing Director
Knowledge and Community Sector
dichtb@asme.org
ASME Headquarters
Three Park Avenue, M/S 23S1
New York, NY 10016
212-591-7074

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