Soap and Detergents

• Soaps has been graded in terms of total fatty matter.

• Soap may be categorized as toilet soaps or bathing
soap or specialty soap like baby( comparatively of
high purity), transparent( soap with high glycerine
content), herbal and antibacterial soap.

• Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) has categorized on

the basis of total fatty matter(TFM): Grade I
( Minimum 76%), Grade II(minimum
70%), Grade III(minimum 60%), bathing bar
(minimum TFM 40%). Soft soap are made by using
potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
(a) Hydrolyser

• The fat and catalyst are mixed together and enter the hydrolyser.
• Hot water is added here

• Intimate mixing is required for the water oil immiscible phase.

• Water has 10 – 15% solubility in oil and fats.

• Temperature is maintained at 230°C - 250°C and pressure at 40 –

45 atm for reaction between water and organic compound.

• The fatty acids stream is produced as top product while glycerin

stream is produced as bottom product .
INDIAN OVERVEIW
• The alkylbenzene is introduced continuously into
sulfonator with the requisite amount of oleum. The
temperature should be maintained about 55C.
• The mixture is then pumped to the sulfonator (should
also operate arroun50-55C)
Neutralization
• The sulfonated –sulfated product is neutralized with
NaOH solution under controlled temperature to maintain
fluidity of the surfactant slurry. The surfactant slurry is
conducted to storage.
• The mixture is pumped to an upper section where it is
sprayed under high pressure into the 24m high spray
tower, counter to hot air from the furnace.

• Dried granules of acceptable shape and size and suitable

density are formed.

• The dried granules are transferred to a upper section by an

air life which cools them from 115C and stabilize the
granules. They are then separated in a cyclone , screened,
perfumed and packed.