ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND IC APPLICATIONS

G.RAVI KUMAR REDDY

Assistant Professor ,ECE
CVR college of Engineering
ravigrkr@gmail.com
Syllabus

Unit I – Power Amplifiers

Comparison between Voltage and Power Amplifiers, Classification of Power
Amplifier, Types of Class-A Power Amplifiers: Series Fed, Transformer Coupled,
Efficiency, Class B Amplifier: Push Pull Amplifier, Complementary Symmetry,
Efficiency, Class AB Amplifier: Push Pull Amplifier, Complementary Symmetry,
Distortion of Power Amplifiers.

 Unit II – Operational Amplifier

Ideal and Practical Op-Amp, Op-Amp Characteristics, DC and AC Characteristics,
Modes of Operation – Inverting, Non-Inverting, Differential. Applications–
Instrumentation Amplifier, V-I & I-V Converters, Differentiators, Integrators,
Comparators, Schmitt Trigger.

 Unit III – Applications-Oscillators, Multi vibrators

Concept of Feedback, Types of Feedback, Classification of Oscillators, Condition for
Oscillations, RC Phase Shift Oscillators, Generalized Analysis of LC Oscillators-Hartley
and Colpitt’s Oscillators, and Wein Bridge Oscillator using Op-Amp, Bi stable Multi
vibrator, Astable Multi vibrator and Mono stable Multi vibrator using Op-Amp.
 
Unit IV – Applications- Filters and 555 Timer and its applications
Active Filters- Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass and Stop Filters,
Comparison between Active and Passive Filters, 555 Timer: Functional
Diagram, Monostable Operation, Astable Operation, Schmitt Trigger,
PLL- Block Diagram and its Applications.
 
Unit V – Data Converters and Digital Integrated Circuits
Introduction, Basic DAC Techniques, Different Types of DACs–
Weighted Resistor DAC, R-2R Ladder DAC, Inverted R-2R DAC, Different
Types of ADCs – Parallel Comparator Type ADC, Counter Type ADC,
Successive Approximation ADC and Dual Slope ADC, DAC and ADC
Specifications. Classification of Integrated Circuits, Standard TTL NAND
Gate–Analysis & characteristics, TTL Open Collector Outputs,
Comparison of Various Logic Families.
 Unit I – Power Amplifiers
Objective:

1. By the end of this lesson you should understand the

different types of Power amplifiers as well as
difference between them

2. By the end of this lesson you should be able to design

power amplifiers

3. By the end of this lesson you should understand how

to analyze the given power amplifier
• Why power amplifiers are known as large
signal amplifiers?

• What are the difference between Power

Amplifier and Voltage Amplifier?
• 2. Classify power amplifiers based on various
factors.
1. Derive the expression for maximum theoretical efficiency in the case of class B
push pull amplifier why is it named so? What are its advantages and
disadvantages? [14]
2. a) Compare class-A, class-B, class-AB and class-C power amplifiers. [2]
b) Explain the operation of class-B Push pull power amplifier using npn and
pnp transistors with the help of circuit and waveforms. [4+6]
3. a) Distinguish voltage and power amplifiers. [4+6]
b) Draw the circuit of class-AB power amplifier and explain its working.
2. a) Show that the maximum efficiency of Class A Power Amplifier is 25%.
b) In a series fed Class A Power Amplifier Vcc=20V,
Rc=16ohms,RB=1.5Kohms.Find the operating point and efficiency. Assume the
required data
4. Explain with a neat diagram the operation and construction of Complementary
Symmetry Class B Push Pull Amplifier
5. a) Explain the operation of Class A series fed Power Amplifier with neat diagram.
b) Derive the expression DC power, AC power, Power dissipation and efficiency
of the above circuit. CO1 [5+5]
6. a) With a neat sketch, explain the complementary Push-Pull amplifier.
b) Derive the expression DC power, AC power, Power dissipation and efficiency
of the above circuit.
 Classification of Amplifiers
Type of Signal Based on Type of Classification based Frequency of
No.of Stages Configuration on conduction angle Operation

Small Signal Single Stage Common Class A Amplifier Audio

Emitter Frequencies (AF)

Large Signal Multistage Common Base Class B Amplifier Radio

Frequencies (RF)

Common Class AB Amplifier

Collector
 Comparison Between Voltage And Power Amplifier
BASIS OF COMPARISON VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER POWER AMPLIFIER
The amplitude of input A.C The amplitude of input A.C
Amplitude Of AC Signal
signal is small.   signal is large.  

The output impedance of the The output impedance of the

power amplifier is very low, up
Output Impedance voltage amplifier is very high,
to 200 ohm, so that it can
about 12 kilo-ohm.   deliver a high current.  

The collector current of the The collector current of the

Collector Current voltage amplifier is very low up power amplifier is high greater
to 1 mA.   than 100 mA.  

In voltage amplifier, the

collector load has high
Collector Load
resistance, typically 4kΩ to
10kΩ.  .  
In power amplifier, the
collector load has low
resistance, typically 5Ω to20Ω

RC coupling is used in voltage Transformer coupling is used in

Coupling
amplifier.   power amplifier.  
The transistor used has large
The transistor used has low power rating, hence large in
Transistor size power rating, hence small size size
. 
 Why Power Amplifiers?
• Drive a load with high power.
• Cell phone needs 1W of power at the
antenna.
• Audio system needs tens to hundreds Watts of
power.
• Ordinary Voltage/Current amplifiers are not
equipped for such application
Power Amplifiers
• A Power amplifier is large signal amplifier and
this is generally a last stage of a multistage
amplifier.
• The function of a practical power amplifier is to
amplify a weak signal until sufficient power is
achieved to operate a loudspeaker or output
device.
• Typical output power rating of a power
amplifier will be 1W or higher
The schematic diagram of a practical power amplifier is shown below

 The driver stage operates as a class A power amplifier

and supplies the drive for the output stage.
 The last output stage is essentially a power amplifier
and its purpose is to transfer maximum power to the
output device (speaker).
The output stage generally employ class B amplifiers in
push-pull arrangement
 Factors to be considered in large signal
amplifiers:
 Output power
 Distortion
 Operating region
 Thermal considerations
 Efficiency
 Power Amplifier Characteristics

 Experiences small load resistance.

 Delivers large current levels.
 Requires large voltage swings.
 Draws a large amount of power from supply.
 Dissipates a large amount of power, therefore
gets “hot”.
 Classification of Power Amplifiers
Class A
• The amplifier conducts through the full 360° of the input.
• The Q-point is set near the middle of the load line.
Class B
The amplifier conducts through 180 °of the input.
The Q-point is set at the cutoff point.
Class AB
• This is a compromise between the class A and B amplifiers.
• The amplifier conducts somewhere between between 180°. and 360°
. The Q-point is located between the mid-point and cutoff.
Class C
• The amplifier conducts less than 180° of the input.
• The Q-point is located below the cutoff level.
Comparison of Class A, Class B, Class C, Class AB
Class A Class B Class C Class AB
The amplifier The amplifier The amplifier Conducts some
conducts the full conducts for 180 of conducts for <180 where between 180
360 of the input the input of the input and 360 of the
input signal
Q-point is set near Q-point is set at the Q-point is set below Q-point is set below
the middle of the cuff off region the cuff off region the middle of the
load line load line and above
the cutoff region
Efficiency =25% to Efficiency =78.5% Efficiency =99% Efficiency =50% to
50% 78.5%
 Class A power amplifier
 If the collector current flows at all times
during the full cycle of the signal, the power
amplifier is known as class A power amplifier.
 Types of class-A power Amplifiers
1. Series fed
• There is no transformer in the circuit. RL is in series with
V cc. There is DC power drop across RL. Therefore
efficiency = 25% (maximum).
2. Transformer coupled
•The load is coupled through a transformer. DC drop
across the primary of the transformer is

• negligible. There is no DC drop across RL. Therefore

efficiency = 50% maximum.
It is a fixed bias circuit.
•This circuit is rarely used for power amplification due to its poor
collector efficiency
In order to achieve the maximum symmetrical swing of
current and voltage (to achieve maximum output power ), the Q
point should be located at the centre of the dc load line.
 DC POWER
The DC power input is provided by the supply(Vcc) with no ac input signal
The DC current drawn is the collector current ICQ
Hence DC power input (PDC)= Vcc ICQ
AC POWER
The ac power delivered by the amplifier to the load can be expressed by
using r.m.s values
Pac=Vrms . Irms

Vrms = = = =

Irms = = = =

Pac = =
EFFICENCY
The efficiency of an amplifier represents the amount of ac
power delivered or transferred to the load from DC
source

• Thus, the maximum efficiency of a class A series-fed

amplifier is 25% .
Advantages
 The current flows for complete input cycle
 The circuit is simple to design
 No distortion is present
Disadvantages
 Power dissipation is more
 Low power output
 Low efficiency
Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency
of the amplifier for an input voltage that results in s
base current 0f 10mA if RB = 1kΩ, Rc = 20Ω, β = 25 and
Vcc =20V
Transformer Coupled class-A power Amplifier

Fig.(a)Transformer Coupled Class A power amplifier circuit Fig .(b)Transfer curve

Here R1 and R2 provide potential divider arrangement.

The resistor Re provides stabilization,
Ce is the bypass capacitor and Re to prevent a.c. voltage.
The transformer used here is a step-down transformer.
•The high impedance primary of the transformer is connected to the
high impedance collector circuit. The low impedance secondary is
connected to the load (generally loud speaker).
 Input Power
• The power into the amplifier is from the DC supply. With no input
signal, the DC current drawn is the collector bias current, ICQ.
PDC=VCC×ICQ
• Under maximum capacity of class A amplifier, voltage swings from
(Vce)max to zero and current from (Ic)max to zero.
Hence
Efficiency
Advantages
 The advantages of transformer coupled class A power amplifier
are as follows.
 No loss of signal power in the base or collector resistors.
 Excellent impedance matching is achieved.
 Gain is high.
 DC isolation is provided.

Disadvantages
 The disadvantages of transformer coupled class A power
amplifier are as follows.
 Low frequency signals are less amplified comparatively.
 Hum noise is introduced by transformers.
 Transformers are bulky and costly.
 Poor frequency response.
 Class B power amplifier
• If the collector current flows only during the positive
half-cycle of the input signal, it is called a class B power
amplifier.
Transfer curve
• For class B operation the Q point is set near cutoff. So
output power will be more and conversion efficiency is
more. Conduction is only for 180
• At zero signal , the collector
current is zero and no biasing
system is required in class B
amplifiers
 Types of class-B power Amplifiers

Push-Pull Amplifier
• The standard class B push-pull amplifier requires a
centre tapped transformer
Complimentary Symmetry Circuits (Transformer Less
Class B Power Amplifier)

• Complementary symmetry circuits need only one

phase
• They don't require a centre tapped transformer
Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
Construction
The circuit of a push-pull class B power amplifier consists of
two identical transistors T1 and T2 whose bases are connected
to the secondary of the center-tapped input transformer Tr1.
The emitters are shorted and the collectors are given the
VCC supply through the primary of the output transformer Tr2.
• The center-tapped transformer on the input
produces opposite polarity signals to the
two transistor inputs.
• The center-tapped transformer on the output
combines the two halves of the AC waveform
together.
Operation
 When no signal is applied at the input, the
transistors T1 and T2 are in cut off condition and
hence no collector currents flow. As no current
is drawn from VCC, no power is wasted.
 When input signal is given, it is applied to the
input transformer Tr1 which splits the signal
into two signals that are 180o out of phase with
each other. These two signals are given to the
two identical transistors T1 and T2.
• During the positive half-cycle of the AC input,
transistor T1 is conducting and collector
current flows and T2 is off and hence no
collector current flows.
• During the negative half-cycle of the AC
input, transistor T2 is conducting and T1 is
off and collector current flows.
 Hence for both the cycles, each transistor
conducts alternately.
 Each transistor produces one-half of an AC
cycle. The output transformer combines the
two outputs to form a full AC cycle.
• The current in each transistor is the average
value of half sine loop.
• For half sine loop, Idc is given by
Idc=

Here factor 2 is introduced as there are two transistors in

push-pull amplifier.
Under ideal conditions of maximum power

Efficiency(ƞ) =

Efficiency(ƞ) =
 Efficiency(ƞ) =

Efficiency(ƞ) =

Efficiency(ƞ) =0.785

(%ƞ) =0.785 x 100

(%ƞ) =78.5%

Hence the class B push-pull amplifier improves the efficiency than

the class A
 Complimentary Symmetry Circuits
(Transformer Less Class B Power Amplifier)
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Class B
power Amplifier
Advantages
1.More output power; efficiency = 78.5%. Max.
2.Efficiency is higher. Since the transistor conducts only for
180°, when it is not conducting, it will not draw DC current.
3. Negligible power loss at no signal.
Disadvantages:
1. Supply voltage V cc should have good regulation. Since if V
cc changes, the operating point changes (Since Ic changes).
Therefore transistor may not be at cut off.
2. Harmonic distortion is higher.
Cross-over Distortion

• In the push-pull configuration, the two identical transistors

get into conduction, one after the other and the output
produced will be the combination of both.
• When the signal changes or crosses over from one transistor
to the other at the zero voltage point, it produces an amount
of distortion to the output wave shape.
• For a transistor in order to conduct, the base emitter junction
should cross 0.7v, the cut off voltage. The time taken for a
transistor to get ON from OFF or to get OFF from ON state is
called the transition period.
• At the zero voltage point, the transition period of switching
over the transistors from one to the other, has its effect
which leads to the instances where both the transistors are
OFF at a time. Such instances can be called as Flat
spot or Dead band on the output wave shape.
 This cross over distortion effect reduces the overall
peak to peak value of the output waveform which in
turn reduces the maximum power output.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Class B
complementary power Amplifier
Advantages
(i) This circuit does not require transformer. This saves on
weight and cost.
(ii) Equal and opposite input signal voltages are not
required.
Disadvantages

(i) It is difficult to get a pair of transistors (npnand pnp) that

have similar characteristics.
(ii) We require both positive and negative supply voltages.
Differences between class-A & B power Amplifiers
Class AB Power Amplifier
• As the name implies, class AB is a combination of
class A and class B type of amplifiers.
• As class A has the problem of low efficiency and class
B has distortion problem, this class AB is emerged to
eliminate these two problems, by utilizing the
advantages of both the classes.