Application Solutions of Plane Elasticity

Professor M. H. Sadd
 Solutions to Plane Problems
Cartesian Coordinates
Airy Representation
 2  2  2
x  ,  y  ,  xy  
y 2 x 2 xy

Biharmonic Governing Equation

 4  4  4
 2 2 2  4  4  0
x 4
x y y

y
Traction Boundary Conditions
S
R Tx  f x ( x , y ) , T y  f y ( x , y )

x
Uniaxial Tension of a Beam
y

T T
2c
x

2l
Boundary Conditions
 x ( l , y )  T ,  y ( x , c )  0
 xy (l , y )   xy ( x, c)  0

Try   A02 y 2   x  T ,  y   xy  0

Displacements
u 1 T T
 ex  ( x   y )   u  x  f ( y )
x E E E
v 1 T T
 e y  ( y   x )    v   y  g ( x )
y E E E

u v  xy f ( y )   o y  uo
  2exy   0  f ( y )  g ( x )  0 
y x  g ( x )  o x  vo
Overall Displacement Boundary Conditions
u (0,0)  0  uo  0 , v (0,0)  0  vo  0
v(0,0)
 0  o  0
x
 Pure Bending of a Beam
y

M
M 2c
x

2l
Boundary Condtions
 y ( x, c)  0 ,  xy ( x,c )   xy (l , y )  0
c c
Note Integrated
c
 x (l , y )dy  0 , c
 x (l , y ) ydy   M Boundary Conditions

3M
  A03 y 3   x   y ,  y   xy  0
2c 3

Displacements
u 3M 3M
 y  u   xy  f ( y ) f ( y )  o y  uo
x 2 Ec 3 2 Ec 3 v( l ,0)  0 and u (l ,0)  0 
v 3M 3M 2 3M 2
 y  v y  g ( x) g ( x)  x  o x  vo u o   o  0 , v o  3Ml 2 / 4 Ec 3
y 2 Ec 3
4 Ec 3 4 Ec 3

Theory of Elasticity Strength of Materials

M M
x  y ,  y   xy  0 x   y ,  y   xy  0
I I
Mxy M M
u ,v [ y 2  x 2  l 2 ] v  v ( x,0)  [x2  l 2 ]
EI 2 EI 2 EI
Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading
w
Boundary Conditions
wl wl
 xy ( x,c)  0 ,  y ( x, c)  0 ,  y ( x,c)   w
2c
x c c c
c
 x (l , y )dy  0 , 
c
 x (l , y ) ydy  0 , 
c
 xy (l , y )dy  wl
y
2l

A23 5
  A20 x 2  A21 x 2 y  A03 y 3  A23 x 2 y 3  y
5
Theory of Elasticity
w 2 w y3 c2 y
x  (l  x ) y  ( 
2
)
2I I 3 5
w  y3 2 
 y     c 2 y  c 3 
2I  3 3 
w
 xy   x (c 2  y 2 ) l/c = 2
2I

Strength of Materials
l/c = 3
My w 2
x   (l  x 2 ) y
I 2I l/c = 4 x/w - Elasticity
y  0 x/w - Strength of Materials
VQ w
 xy    x (c 2  y 2 )
It 2I Dimensionless Distance, y/c
Bending of a Beam by Uniform Transverse Loading
w

wl wl
2c
x

y
2l
Displacements
w x3 2 y 3 2c 2 y y3 2c 3
u [(l 2 x  ) y  x(  )  x (  c 2 y  )]
2 EI 3 3 5 3 3
w  y 4 c 2 y 2 2c 3 y y2 y4 c2 y2
v     [(l 2  x 2 )   ]
2 EI  12 2 3 2 6 5
x4 l 2 4  2 2  5wl 4 12 4  c 2

  [  (  )c ] x   [1  (  ) 2 ]
12 2 5 2  24 EI 5 5 2 l

Note that according to theory of elasticity, plane

sections do not remain plane

5wl 4 12 4  c 2
v (0,0)  v max  [1  (  ) 2 ]
24 EI 5 5 2 l
5wl 4
Strength of Materials vmax 
24 EI
For long beams l >>c, elasticity and strength of materials
deflections will be approximately the same
 Cantilever Beam Problem
y 3P  xy 3  N 2
  xy  2   y
4c  3c  4c
P
x N Boundary Conditions
2c  y ( x, c )   xy ( x, c )  0
c c c
 c
 x (0, y )dy  N ,  c
 xy (0, y )dy   P ,  c
 x (0, y ) ydy  0
L c c c
 c
 x ( L, y )dy  N ,  c
 xy ( L, y )dy   P ,  c
 x (0, y ) ydy   PL

Stress Field Displacement Field

u 1 1 3Pxy N v 1  3Pxy N
3Pxy N  (  x   y )  (   ),  (  y   x )   (   )
x    x E E 2c 3
2c y E E 2c 3 2c
2c 3 2c
y  0 3Px 2 y N Py 3 3(1  ) P y3
u  x   ( y  )  o y  uo
4 Ec 3 2 Ec 4 Ec 3 2cE 3c 2
3P y2
 xy   (1  2 ) 3Pxy 2 N Px 3
4c c v  y   o x  vo
4 Ec 3 2 Ec 4 Ec 3
Strength of Materials v ( L,0) 3PL2 3PL2
0    o  0   o  
3Pxy N x 4 Ec 3 4 Ec 3
x   
2c 3 2c N PL3 PL3
u ( L,0)  0  uo  L , v ( L,0)  0  vo     o L 
y  0 2 Ec 4 Ec 3 2 Ec 3
For the case N  0
3P y2
 xy   (1  2 ) Px 3 3PL2 PL3 P
4c c v ( x,0)   x   ( x 3  3L2 x  2 L3 )
3 3 3 3
4 Ec 4 Ec 2 Ec 4 Ec
P P
From Strength of Materials v ( x )  ( x 3  3L2 x  2 L3 )  3
( x 3  3L2 x  2 L3 )
6 EI 4 Ec
Therefore the two displacement solutionsare the same!
 Cantilever Tapered Beam
p
p cot  2 1 y 
x     x ta n   x y  ( x 2  y 2 )(   ta n )
2 (1   c o t  )  x 
 A
B o u n d a ry C o n d itio n s
 y ( x ,0 )   p ,  xy ( x ,0 )  0 , T x ( x , x ta n  )  T y ( x , x ta n  )  0
B L ta n  ta n  1 ta n 
0  x ( L , y ) d y  0 ,  0L x(L, y)ydy   p L 2 ,  0L  xy ( L , y )d y   p L
L 2
y

Stress Field
 y xy   1 y xy  y2
 x  2 K   tan 1  2 ,   2 K   tan   tan  ,      2 K
x x  y 2   x x 2  y 2 
y xy , xy
  x2  y2

x=L
x=L
 Solutions to Plane Problems
Polar Coordinates
Airy Representation
1  1  2   2   1  
r   2 2 ,    2 ,  r    
r r r  r r  r  

Biharmonic Governing Equation

 2 1  1  2   2 1  1 2 
 4    2   2 2  2   2 2   0
 r r r r   r r r r  

Traction Boundary Conditions

S
R Tr  f r ( r, ) , T  f  ( r, )
y


r

x
General Solutions in Polar Coordinates
2
 2 1  1 2 
    2 
4
  0
 r r r r 2  2 

  a0  a1 log r  a 2 r 2  a 3 r 2 log r
 ( a 4  a5 log r  a 6 r 2  a7 r 2 log r )
a13
 ( a11 r  a12 r log r   a14 r 3  a15 r  a16 r log r ) cos 
r
b
 (b11 r  b12 r log r  13  b14 r 3  b15 r  b16 r log r ) sin 
r

  ( a n1r n  a n 2 r 2 n  a n 3 r n  a n 4 r 2 n ) cos n
n 2

  (bn1r n  bn 2 r 2 n  bn 3 r n  bn 4 r 2n ) sin n
n 2

Axisymmetric Case
  a0  a1 log r  a2 r 2  a3r 2 log r
Thick-Walled Cylinder Under Uniform
Boundary Pressure
Boundary Conditions
p2  r (r1 )   p1 ,  r (r2 )   p2
A r12 r22 ( p2  p1 ) 1 r12 p1  r22 p2
r1 r  2  B r  
p1 r r22  r12 r2 r22  r12
A r12 r22 ( p2  p1 ) 1 r12 p1  r22 p2
   2  B    
r r22  r12 r2 r22  r12
r2
Internal Pressure Case
r1/r2 = 0.5

 /p

r /p

r/r2
Dimensionless Distance, r/r2
 Stress Free Hole in an Infinite Medium
Under Uniform Uniaxial Loading at Infinity
  a0  a1 log r  a 2 r 2  a 3 r 2 log r
Boundary Condtions  (a 21r 2  a 22 r 4  a 23 r  2  a 24 ) cos 2
y  r (a, )   r (a, )  0
T  a2  T  3a 4 4a 2 
T r  1    1  4  2  cos 2
a  r (, )  (1  cos 2) 2  r 2  2 r r 
T T 2
x T T  a 2  T  3a 4 
  (, )  (1  cos 2)   1  2   1  4  cos 2
2 2  r  2 r 
T T  3a 4 2a 2 
 r (, )   sin 2  r   1  4  2  sin 2
2 2  r r 
 max    (a,  / 2)  3T

90 3
120 60

2   (a, ) / T
150 30
1
   (a, ) / T

180 0

r 
 ( , ) / T
a 2
210 330

240 300
270
r/a
 Stress Concentrations for Other Loading Cases
T T

T T T T T T

Unaxial Loading
T
Biaxial Loading Biaxial Loading

K=3 K=2 K=4

 Stress Concentration Around
Elliptical Hole
 b 
 
 max   x (0,b)  S 1  2 
 a 
25

 x  S

Stress Concentration Factor

20
y
15 ()max/S
a x
b
10

5
Circular Case (K=3)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eccentricity Parameter, b/a
Half-Space Under Concentrated Surface
Force System (Flamant Problem)
Y
X   (a12 r log r  a15 r) cos   (b12 r log r  b15 r) sin 
x
1
  r  [(a12  2b15 ) cos   (b12  2a15 ) sin ]
r
r 1
C    [a12 cos   b12 sin ]
r
1
 r  [a12 sin   b12 cos ]
r
Boundary Conditions
2
X     r (a, )a cos d  b15   r   r [ X cos   Y sin ]


y 0
     r  0
Y     r (a, )a sin d  a15
0

Normal Loading Case (X=0)

2Yx 2 y y=a
2Y  x   r cos 2    xy/(Y/a)
r   sin  ( x 2  y 2 ) 2
r
    r  0 2Yy 3
 y   r sin 2   
( x 2  y 2 ) 2
2Yxy 2
 xy   r sin  cos    y/(Y/a)
( x 2  y 2 ) 2

Dimensionless Distance, x/a

 Notch-Crack Problems
y
  r  [ A sin   B cos   C sin(  2)  D cos(  2)]

  ( r ,0)  0 ,  r (r ,0)  0
lim r  0  singular stresses, finite displacments
r 3

 2
  3 A  B 
x r   cos (3  cos )  sin (1  3 cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2
 = 2 -  3 A  3B 
   cos (1  cos )  sin (1  cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2
3 A  B 
 r  sin (1  cos )  cos (1  3 cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2

Contours of Maximum Shear Stress

 Two-Dimensional FEA Code
MATLAB PDE Toolbox

- Simple Application Package

For Two-Dimensional Analysis
Initiated by Typing “pdetool”
in Main MATLAB Window
- Includes a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) to:
- Select Problem Type
- Select Material Constants
- Draw Geometry
- Input Boundary Conditions
- Mesh Domain Under Study
- Solve Problem
- Output Selected Results
FEA Notch-Crack Problem

(vonMises Stress Contours)

 Curved Beam Problem
Boundary Conditions
P B
 r ( a, )   r (b, )  0   ( Ar 3   Cr  Dr log r ) sin 
 r (a, )   r (b, )  0 r

P a 2b2 a 2  b2
b
r  (r  3  ) sin 
r a
 r ( r ,0) dr  P N r r
a b b P a 2b2 a 2  b2
b a
  ( r ,0)dr     (r ,0) rdr  0
a
   (3r  3 
N r r
) sin 
b

a
 ( r ,  / 2) dr   P P a 2b 2 a 2  b2
 r   ( r  3  ) cos 
b
N r r

a
 ( r ,  / 2) rdr  P( a  b) / 2
b
b
N  a 2  b 2  (a 2  b 2 ) log( )
a
a
 r ( r ,  / 2)dr  0

a/P

 = /2 b/a = 4
Theory of Elasticity
Strength of Materials

Dimensionless Distance, r/a

Disk Under Diametrical Compression
P

D
=

P
Flamant Solution (1)

+ +

Flamant Solution (2) Radial Tension Solution (3)

 Disk Under Diametrical Compression
2P 2P 2P  ( R  y) x 2 (R  y) x 2 1 
 (x1)   cos 1 sin 2 1  (x2 )   cos  2 sin 2  2 2P x     
r1 r2  (x3)    r14 r24 D
D
2P 2P 2P  ( R  y)3 ( R  y)3 1 
 (y1)  
r1
cos3 1
+  (y2 )  
r2
cos3 2
+  ( 3)
y 
2P
D
= y  
  r14

r24
 
D
2P 2P  (xy3) 0
(xy1)   cos 2 1 sin 1 (xy2)   cos 2 2 sin 2 2P  (R  y)2 x ( R  y)2 x 
r1 r2  xy  
  r14 r24 


y
P

r1
1

x
r2
2

r1, 2  x 2  ( R  y ) 2
 Disk Results
Theoretical, Experimental, Numerical
2P
 x (0, y ) 
D

Photoelastic Contours Finite Element Model

Theoretical Contours of
(Courtesy of Dynamic Photomechanics (Distributed Loading)
Maximum Shear Stress Laboratory, University of Rhode Island)