Auto mechanics

• Auto mechanics tools and

equipment
• The principal parts of a
vehicle and the instrument
panel
• The battery
• Lubricants
• Care of cars
Introduction:
• The invention and development in the nineteenth
century of the automobile help man move faster on
land. Cars manufacturers put to work engineers,
researchers and workers to improve the basic
automobile and if possible, surpass competitors in
terms of speed, convenience, style and structure.
In addition man tries to specialize in different fields
of endeavor related to the auto mobile industry,
such as manufacture and sale of car parts and
accessories--- and auto mechanics.
 Auto Mechanics Tools and Equipment
• An auto mechanics needs tool and
Equipment to be able to work efficiently,
Without them, he is like a driver without
steering wheel. Since these tools are the best
working companions, a mechanic should be
familiar with the certain features and
characteristics. If he knows how to use his
tool properly, he can take care of them
efficiently.
The auto mechanic uses various hand tools and
equipment, the most basic of which are the following.

1.Fastening and Loosening Tools

2. Gripping and Holding Tools
3. Cutting and Chipping Tools
4. Driving Tools
5. Boring Tools
6. Measuring and Proving Tools
7. Threading Tools
8. Power Tools and Equipment
 1.Fastening and Loosening Tools

a) Open Wrench
• a wrench with jaws
having a fixed width
of opening at one or
both ends of the
handle.
b) Box Wrench
• A wrench with an
open end fits around
a fastener instead of
over it, so you can
slip it into an area
where there isn't
room for a socket.
c) Socket Wrench
• A socket wrench or
ratchet allows you to
turn nuts and bolts
with more ease than
using a regular
wrench.
d) Allen Wrench
• A hex key or Allen key is a
simple tool used to drive
bolts and screws with
hexagonal sockets in their
heads. The tool is usually
formed of a single piece of
hexagonal rod of hard steel,
with blunt ends that are
meant to fit snugly into the
screw's socket, bent in an "L"
shape with unequal arms.
e) Pipe Wrench
• A pipe wrench is any
of several types of
wrench that are
designed to turn
threaded pipe and
pipe fittings for
assembly (tightening)
or disassembly
(loosening).
f) Combination Wrench
• a multi-purpose tool
with the open-end for
tightening and
loosening in small
spaces and the box-
end for leverage and a
firm grip around nuts
and bolts.
 2. Gripping and Holding Tools

a) Combination Slip-
joint pliers
• are versatile tools
that are used for
gripping and bending
hardware.
 b) Long nose pliers
• Use to grip small
objects, reach awkward
places, holding wires,
bend loops, and attach
wires. Work involving
smaller gauge wire.
 c) Vise- grip pliers
• use them to clamp
small things in place,
to remove stripped or
broken screws and
even to open a zipper
when the pull breaks
off.
d) Snap ring pliers
• are sometimes referred to
as retaining ring pliers,
snap ring pliers or C-clip
pliers. They're designed
for installing or removing
circlips, a type of fastener
that works like a retaining
ring.
 3. Cutting and Chipping Tools
a) Hacksaw
• were originally and
principally made for
cutting metal, but can
also cut various other
materials, such as
plastic and wood.
 b) Flat Cold Chisel
• a chisel (as a cold
chisel) of hardened
and tempered steel
used to obtain a flat
and finished surface
(as on wood or stone).
 c) Diamond Chisel
• a cold chisel having
a diamond-shaped
cutting face for
cutting V grooves or
sharp internal
corners.
 d) Round nose chisel
• The blade narrows
behind the cutting
edge to provide
clearance. The round
nose chisel is used for
cutting semi-circular
grooves for oil ways in
bearing.
 f) Round file
• A tool, a type of file,
used to cut fine
amounts of material
from a work piece and
also known as a rat-
tail file. Slang for a
waste container or File
13.
g) Triangular file
• Triangular files have three
tapering sides.
• They are used to file the
surfaces of acute internal
angles.
• Small triangular files are
also used to sharpen hand
saws.
 h) Half round file
• Ideal for rounding out
holes; can be used on
concave, convex, or flat
surfaces and leaves a
smooth finish.
• These files are most
commonly used to deburr
or remove material from
the inside surfaces of
cylindrical workpieces or to
 4. Driving Tools

a) Ball peen hammer

• A ball-peen or ball pein
hammer, also known as a
machinist's hammer, is a
type of peening hammer
used in metalworking. It
has two heads, one flat
and the other, called the
peen, rounded.
b) Upholstery hammer
• An upholstery hammer (also called
a tack hammer) is a lightweight
hammer used for securing
upholstery fabric to furniture frames
using tacks or small nails. Many
styles have two faces, one face
usually being magnetized to aid in
placement of tacks (this face has a
split surface to make its magnetic
hold stronger).
c)Brass tip hammer
• Brass hammers have
a thin, cylindrical
double-head which is
used for pounding
steel pins without
damaging the
surrounding surface.
d)Plastic mallet
• Plastic mallet made of
nylon, polycarbonate,
or polystyrene are
used especially in
leatherwork and
jewellery.
 5. Boring Tools

a) Electric hand drill

• An electric drill is a
drill which is driven
by an electric motor.
b) Drill press
• a machine tool for
drilling holes, set
on a fixed stand.
 6. Measuring and Proving Tools

a) Steel rule
• A steel rule is the simplest and
most common measuring tool.
The flat steel rule is usually 6 or
12 inches long, but longer sizes
are available. Steel rules can be
flexible or nonflexible, thin or
wide. ... Generally, a steel rule
has four sets of marks, two on
each side of the rule. On one
side are the inch marks.
b) Feeler gauge
• a gauge consisting of
a number of thin
blades of calibrated
thickness used for
measuring narrow
gaps or clearances.
 c) Caliper
• a device used to
measure the dimensions
of an object. Many types
of calipers permit reading
out a measurement on a
ruled scale, a dial, or a
digital display. Some
calipers can be as simple
as a compass with inward
or outward-facing points,
but no scale.
d) Vernier caliper
• a linear measuring
instrument consisting of a
scaled rule with a
projecting arm at one end,
to which is attached a
sliding vernier with a
projecting arm that forms a
jaw with the other
projecting arm.
e) Micrometer caliper
• instrument for making
precise linear
measurements of
dimensions such as
diameters, thicknesses,
and lengths of solid
bodies; it consists of a C-
shaped frame with a
movable jaw operated by
an integral screw.
 f)Dial indicator
• are one of the primary
measuring tools used in
precision engine building.
They are typically used to
measure deck clearances,
crankshaft thrust and
straightness, lifter travel
and other measurements
that involve the distance
between two surfaces or
small amounts of
component travel.
 g)Multitester
• A multimeter or a
multitester, also known as
a VOM (volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an
electronic measuring
instrument that combines
several measurement
functions in one unit
h).Torque wrench
• A torque wrench is a tool
used to tighten nuts and
bolts to a predetermined
torque value.
 7. Threading Tools

a) Tap
• A tap is used to cut or
form the female portion
of the mating pair (e.g.
a nut).
 b) Die
• A die is used to cut or
form the male portion
of the mating pair (e.g.
a bolt).
 8. Power Tools and Equipment

a) Grinder
• it is a type of
machining using an
abrasive wheel as
the cutting tool.
 b) Jack
• A jack is a tool that
is used to lift part of
a car off the ground.
It is used when
changing a wheel or
tyre.
c) Chain hoist
• is a device used for
lifting or lowering a load
by means of a drum or
lift-wheel around which
rope or chain wraps.
 d) oxyacetylene welding
outfit
• This outfit is designed
for use with acetylene
fuel gas but can
operate on propane by
simply changing to
propane tips.
 The principal parts of a vehicle are:

1.Framework- holds together the other units of the

vehicle;
2.Suspension system- controls the effect of road
conditions;
3.Electrical system- starts the engine and provides
electricity to the vehicles light, radio and and such
electrical accessories;
4. Engine- uses up the energy developed in it to provide
mechanical power to move the vehicle;
5.Fuel system- provides fuel to the engine;
6.Steering system- provides directional control of the
vehicle;
7.Cooling system- regulates the engines temperature;
8.Lubricating system- prevents rust and lessens
friction inside the engine;
9.Transmission system- Transmits motive force to the
wheels from engine;
10.Brakes- stop or decelerate the vehicle and;
11. Wheels or Tires- make the vehicle move.
These are the different instrument you will see in the instrument
panel of the vehicle:
Gauges means is to measure or test.

1.Ammeter- this is a gauge that indicates the amount of current

(in amperes) flowing through electric circuit.

2.Fuel Gauge- This indicates the amount of fuel tank.

3.Oil Pressure Indicator- This gauge indicates oil pressure in

the engine lubricating system. There are two types of this
namely:
a)Oil pressure warning light
b)Oil pressure gauge
4.Water Temperature Gauge- this shows the
temperature of coolant in the cooling system. Under the
normal operating conditions, the needle should be at
the position marked “N” (normal) in the dial.

5.Speedometer- the speedemoter registers the

vehicle’s speed. The odometer records the total
distance travelled by the vehicle in terms of either miles
or kilometres. A tripmeter indicates the number of miles
or kilometres travelled during a certain trip.
 Hand Controls
1.Ignition Switch- the ignition switch controls
the ignition system, Starters and other
electrical accessories. To switch on, turn the
ignition clockwise.
2.Headlight switch- this is usually a pull
switch, controlling the head, aide, park, tail,
license plate and panel lights.
3.Windscreen- to start the wiper, pull out the switch knob
marked “W” on the panel one notch. This operates the
wiper at low speed. When the wiper operates at a faster
speed. The wiper movement is turned off by pushing the
switch all the way.
4.Choke control- when starting a cold engine, there is a
need for rich air fuel mixture. A knob in the panel board
marked with a “C” should be pulled out.
5.Horn button- the horn button is located at the center of
the steering wheel and can be operated when the ignition
switch is on. Sometimes, the horn operates even when the
switch is off.
 THE BATTERY
• The battery is an electromechanical
device, or one that produces electric
circuit by chemical process. It
supplies current to operate the
starting motor and the ignition system
when the engine is started. It also
supplies current for lights, radio, and
other electrical accessories when the
alternator is not handling the electric
load.
• The latter type of battery is called ST (
for side terminal or sealed terminal)
by the manufacturer.
 Chemicals in the Batter

• Sponge lead (solid)

• Lead oxide (a paste)
• Sulfuric acid (liquid)
 Parts of the battery and their functions
1.Grid- the grid carries the active material forming plate. The
plates when wedded to the strap form a group.
2.Positive Plate- This is composed of very small crystal lead that
provides wedge in a rectangular grid.
3.Negative plate- This plate is composed of sponge lead place
in a similar grid.
4.Group- This could be a positive or negative plate group. If all
Negative plates are wedded in a post strap, it is called a negative
plate group, and all positive plates are wedded in a post strap, it
is called a positive plate group.
5.Element- Element is the complete assembly of plates,
post strap and separations.
6.Separator- This consists of a thin sheet of microporous
insulating material. Each separator is rubbed on the side
next to the positive plate to assist free circulation of the acid.
7.Cell Connector- this refers to the antimonial lead burned
to the positive pillar of one cell and the negative pillar of the
next to connect cells in a series.
8.Cell- when element is immersed in the electrolyte, the
entire unit is called a cell.
9.Electrolyte- this is a solution of sulphuric and distilled
water. Usually an electrolyte solution is 40% sulphuric
acid and 60% distilled water.
10.Cell Cover- A cell cover is the part which fits over the
top of the cell to prevent electrolyte loss and to keep
foreign material out. It is made of hard rubber or bakelite.
11. Vent Plug- this covers the cell liquid and permits the
escape of gas. It is removable to facilitate adding of water
and taking up hydrometer reading.
12.Battery Case- It is where the battery cells are
assembled. This is made of molded hard rubber.
INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS AND
SYMBOLS
 WARNING SIGNS
1.Dangerous bend, double
bend
• This sign indicates a
dangerous or an unexpected
double bend in the road
ahead. Slow down your
speed as the road will curve
sharply to the right, then to
the left, and remember to
brake gently especially when
the road is wet.
 2.Steep descent or ascent
dangerous ascent
• the act of rising or mounting
upward : climb completed their
ascent of the mountain.
• b : an upward slope or rising
grade : acclivity followed the
steep ascent to the top of the
hill.
• c : the degree of elevation :
inclination, gradient.
 3.Uneven road: bad
condition
• poor road conditions
include potholes,
faded road markings,
road debris and
missing or damaged
signs.
 4.Slippery Road
• Slippery road signs
are posted in areas
where a slippery
condition might exist.
Drivers should use
extreme caution and
slow their speed when
the road is wet or icy.
5.Pedestrian crossing

• pedestrian crossing is
a place where
pedestrians can cross
a street and where
motorists must stop to
let them cross.
 6. Road works
• Roadworks occur when
part of the road, or in
rare cases, the entire
road, has to be
occupied for work
relating to the road,
most often in the case of
road surface repairs.
 7.Light signals
• a fixed railroad
signal that gives its
indications by
varying the positions
of two or more
lights.
 8.Two-way traffic
Two way traffic signs-
posted before or on two-
way roadways.
• These two way traffic
signs warn drivers that
they're leaving a one-
way roadway and
entering a roadway with
opposing traffic.
 REGULATORY SIGNS
9. No Left turn

• The no left turn sign is

a turn prohibition sign
that is designed to
prevent an accident
from occurring by
informing drivers that
turning left is prohibited.
 10.No right turn
• No Right Turn Signs (R2-
6) are designed with a
circular prohibition
symbol to communicate
that turning right at the
intersection or junction is
not permitted
 11.No U-turn
• No U-turn signs are
posted at intersections
to indicate the driver is
not legally allowed to
make a U-turn
 12.Overtaking
Prohibited
• The no overtaking
road sign is circular
with a red border
meaning that it is
giving drivers an
order.
 13.Maximum Speed
limited to figure indicated
• Speed limit signs indicate
the maximum or minimum
safe speed that is allowed
to be driven on a
roadway.
 LUBRICANT
• There is a need to have engine’s moving parts to be lubricated to
minimize early wearing out of its rubbing surfaces. The movement
of different parts produces mechanical energy. Heat is produced
when two objects are rubbed constant, therefore there is tendency
for these engine parts to overheat, wear out and be destroyed. A
lubricating system is needed by any engine. It functions by keeping
friction at a minimum by using lubricants like oil and grease.

• The lubrication system of an engine consists of oil pump, oil filter

and various units for automatic and manual lubrication of moving
parts.
 The lubrication system of an engine consists of oil
pump, oil filter and various units for automatic and
manual lubrication of moving parts.

1.Pressure or Force Systems is when some or

all of the bearings are supplied with oil under
pressure.

2.Splash System is when the bearings are

supplied with oil splashed and thrown on them
by the moving parts.
 TYPES OF LUBRICATION

The three classifications of lubricants are:

1.Solid- like graphite and mica which are usually mixed
with oil to lubricate automobile spring.
2.Semi- solid- like grease which are used for chassis
lubrication.
3.Fluid form- these are used for the transmission, the
rear, axle, the engine for spraying some parts of the
vehicles body.
 CARE FOR CARS

• It is a must for all machineries to have annual

maintenance and occasional repair. If you want your
car to be always at its best, you should follow the
checking and maintenance tasks given in the
owner’s manual.
1.Fuel- Automobile engines use two basic fuels, gasoline
and diesel. These two fuels are completely different from
each other and an engine designed for one will not run on
the other.
2.Octane rating is an important characteristic of a gasoline.
Octane rating is a measure of its protection against engine
knock also known as detonation.
3.Tune up- A tune up covers the replacement of the ignition-
system breaker joints and their accompanying condenser
and rotor; the fitting of new spark plugs; the adjusting of the
carburetor,
4.Brakes - The friction generating pads and lining require periodic
replacement because of friction. Friction converts energy of motion into
heat.
5.Shock absorbers- in order to damp oscillations of the suspension spring,
shock absorbers use hydraulic means. The use of hydraulic means
lessening the effectiveness and signs of reduced damping or heavy external
leakage, therefore, they must be replaced sometimes, replacements
cartridges are available or new struts are fitted.

6.Exhaust system- Because of the condensation in the exhaust flow and

ordinary wear, the muffler and exhaust pipes require periodic replacement.
This is critical, not only to minimize noise of the car’s in the engine but also
because the exhaust system carries toxic fumes away from the cars interior.
Some of these fumes are odourless, despite their extreme toxicity
7. Tires and Suspension- A tire thread wears with
mileage and heat, and reduced thread depth provides less
grip and puncture protection. Modern tires have thread
wear indicators to show when replacement is called for.
8.Electrical System- Checking of the horn, lights and
wipers is also a must. Malfunctioning of these electrical
systems may cause you trouble while travelling. Make
sure that they are functioning before you start travelling.