LECTURE 1

Ar . Gandharva Swami
INTRODUCTION TO SYLLABUS

INTRODUCTION TO HVAC System

ASSISTANT PROFESOR. DTC , Gr . Noida
INTRODUCTION TO AIR CONDITIONING

• Air conditioning is a combined process that performs many functions simultaneously.

• It conditions the air, transports it, and introduces it to the conditioned space.

• It provides heating and cooling from its central plant or rooftop units.

• It also controls and maintains the temperature, humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level,
and pressure differential in a space within predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the
occupants of the conditioned space or for the purpose of product processing.

• The term HVAC&R is an abbreviation of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating.

• The combination of processes in this commonly adopted term is equivalent to the current definition of
air conditioning. Because all these individual component processes were developed prior to the more
complete concept of air conditioning, the term HVAC&R is often used by the industry
An air conditioning, or HVAC&R, system is composed of components and equipment arranged in sequence to
condition the air, to transport it to the conditioned space, and to control the indoor environmental parameters
of a specific space within required limits.

Most air conditioning systems perform the following functions:

1. Provide the cooling and heating energy required.

2. Condition the supply air, that is, heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, and
attenuate any objectionable noise produced by the HVAC&R equipment.

3. Distribute the conditioned air, containing sufficient outdoor air, to the conditioned space.

4. Control and maintain the indoor environmental parameters–such as temperature, humidity,

cleanliness, air movement, sound level, and pressure differential between the conditioned space
and surroundings—within predetermined limits.
PARAMETERS
Parameters such as the size and the occupancy of the conditioned space, the indoor
environmental parameters to be controlled, the quality and the effectiveness of control, and the
cost involved determine the various types and arrangements of components used to provide
appropriate characteristics.

Air conditioning systems can be classified according to their applications as

(1) comfort air conditioning systems

(2) process air conditioning systems.

 HVAC
• Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning is a process to control temperature, humidity, purity, and motion of
air in an enclosed space, independent of outside conditions.

• HVAC is one such service which is affected by design and is affecting the design
of any building.

• HVAC has many design components that need to be integrated in any building.

• While it is possible that some of the components may not be having any affect on the building design or its
structure but HVAC as a system has a tremendous impact on the same.

• It not only affects the floor plans but also the aesthetic appearance and the
structural system.

OBJECTIVE OF HVAC SYSTEM

• One of the basic parameters associated with the process of HVAC system or air conditioning system is the
provision of thermal comfort.

• Thermal comfort is primarily controlled by a building’s heating,ventilating and airconditioning systems,

though the architectural design of the building also has significant influences on thermal comfort.
Environmental Conditions and Architectural Effects

1. Air Temperature

Air temperature in the context of thermal comfort, is the temperature in the space where
the person is located.

2. Radiant Temperature

Heat transmitted from a hotter body to a cooler body with no effect on the intervening
space.

3. Humidity

Low humidity: We know that, for some people, low humidity can cause discomfort,
although, low humidity does not cause thermal discomfort.

4. Air Speed

The higher the air speed over a person’s body, the greater the cooling effect.
Air velocity that exceeds 40 feet per minute (fpm), or cool temperatures combined with fast
air movement, may cause discomfort —a draft.
WORKING OF HVAC SYSTEM
Air Conditioning means the total control of temperature, moisture in the air (humidity), supply of outside air for
ventilation, filtration of airborne particles, and air movement in the occupied space.
There are seven main processes involved in air conditioning process :
1. HEATING—the process of adding thermal energy (heat) to the conditioned space for the purposes of raising or
maintaining the temperature of the space.

2. COOLING—the process of removing thermal energy (heat) from the conditioned space for the purposes of lowering or
maintaining the temperature of the space.

3. HUMIDIFYING—the process of adding water vapour (moisture) to the air in the conditioned space for the purposes of
raising or maintaining the moisture content of the air.

4. DEHUMIDIFYING—the process of removing water vapour (moisture) from the air in the conditioned space for the
purposes of maintaining the moisture content of the air.

5. CLEANING—the process of removing particulates, (dust etc.,) and biological contaminants, (insects, pollen etc.,) from
the air delivered to the conditioned space for the purposes of improving or maintaining the air quality.

6. VENTILATING—the process of exchanging air between the outdoors and the conditioned space for the purposes of
diluting the gaseous contaminants in the air and improving or maintaining air quality, composition and freshness.

7. AIR MOVEMENT—the process of circulating and mixing air through conditioned spaces in the building for the purposes
of achieving the proper ventilation and facilitating the thermal energy transfer.
Air-conditioning systems are designed to meet a variety of objectives. In many commercial and
institutional systems, the ratio of outside ventilation air to return air typically varies from 15 to 25%
of outside air.

CONCEPT OF BALANCE POINT TEMPERATURE

Each building has a characteristic exterior air temperature, known as the balance point temperature,
at which the building in use would be able to support thermal comfort without the need for a heating
or cooling system.

At the balance point temperature, which is strongly influenced by internal loads and envelope design,
building heat gains and losses are in equilibrium so that an appropriate interior temperature will be
maintained naturally and without further intervention.
LATENT HEAT AND SENSIBLE HEAT:

Important Aspects Of Comfort Conditioning-

1. Sensible heat is the heat a thermostat senses. When the temperature goes up, there has been an
increase in the sensible heat.

2. Latent heat is hidden. It involves adding or removing heat without changing the temperature.

3. Air contains latent heat in the water vapour that is in the air. Removing the vapour removes heat but
doesn’t lower the temperature.

4. These heats create different types of loads on air- conditioning system.

The design cooling/heating load (or heat gain) is the amount of heat energy to be removed or added from
the space by the HVAC equipment to maintain the conditions at indoor design temperature when worst
case outdoor design temperature is being experienced.
SENSIBLE HEAT

Heat which a substance absorbs, as its temperature goes up, it does not change state.
Sensible heat gain is directly added to the conditioned space by conduction, convection, and/or radiation.
But sensible heat gain entering the conditioned space does not equal the sensible cooling load during the
same time interval because of the stored heat in the building envelope.

Only the convective heat becomes cooling load instantaneously.

Sensible heat load is total of

1. Heat transmitted thru floors, ceilings, walls.

2. Occupant’s body heat.

3. Appliance & Light heat

4. Solar Heat gain thru glass

5. Infiltration of outside air

6. Air introduced by Ventilation

LATENT HEAT LOADS
Latent heat gain occurs when moisture is added to the space either from internal sources (e.g. vapour
emitted by occupants and equipment) or from outdoor air as a result of infiltration or ventilation to
maintain proper indoor air quality.

Latent heat load is total of:

1. Moisture-laden outside air from Infiltration & Ventilation

2. Occupant Respiration & Activities.

3. Moisture from Equipment & Appliances.

AIR CHANGES

The air change rate refers to the number of times in a 1-hr period that the volume of air in a space is
renewed.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The factors affecting air change rate are:

1. The presence of air pockets or dead space in the Controlled area.

2. The relative positioning of Supply and Return air grills.

3. Type of Machine and Equipments placed inside the area.