ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Electrical Design Requirements

• Achieve specified output
 Within specified temperature rises
 At specified voltage
 At specified power factor
• Meet any project specific parameters
• Optimise efficiency

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Electrical Design Requirements

• Achieve specified output
 Within specified temperature rises
 At specified voltage
 At specified power factor
• Meet any project specific parameters
• Optimise efficiency

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Permitted Temperature Rises (Class B)

IEC 60034-3
• Stator winding: 85°C over 40°C (125°C total)
• Rotor winding: 90°C over 40°C (130°C total)
IEEE C50.13
• Stator winding: 85°C over 40°C (125°C total)
• Rotor winding: 85°C over 40°C (125°C total)

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Generator Output vs Coolant Temperature

Coolant Inlet Temperature - °C

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Reductions in Permitted Rotor and

Stator Winding Temperature Rise
IEC 60034-3 only:
•Below 10°C, permitted temperature rise is 0.5°C per
1°C reduction in air inlet temperature
•Below -20°C, temperature rise is to be agreed

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Reductions in Permitted Winding

Temperature Rise

Terminal voltage (stator only):

•1°C per kV above 12 kV

Altitude (stator and rotor):

•1% per 100 metres over 1,000 masl
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Electrical Design Requirements

• Achieve specified output

 Within specified temperature rises
 At specified voltage
 At specified power factor
• Meet any project specific parameters
• Optimise efficiency
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Faraday’s Law:

EMF generated in a moving coil

= velocity x flux density x length

EMF generated in a multi-turn winding

= velocity x flux density x length x turns

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

From Faraday’s Law:

EMF generated in a winding is

proportional to length x turns

For a fixed voltage (EMF), length is

indirectly proportional to turns

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Turns per phase in stator winding =

(slots x conductors per slot in series) /

(2 x phases x parallel circuits)

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Stator Winding Designs:

11.5 kV, 50 Hz and 13.8 kV, 60 Hz
Frame Size Turns per Slots Conductors Parallel
Phase per Slot Circuits
BDAX 7-145 32 48 4 1
BDAX 7-167 28 42 4 1
BDAX 7-193 24 48 6 2
BDAX 7-225 21 42 6 2
BDAX 7-265 18 54 2 1
BDAX 7-290 16 48 2 1
BDAX 7-340 14 42 2 1
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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

MULTI-TURN AND SINGLE-TURN STATOR COILS

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Electrical Design Requirements

• Achieve specified output

 Within specified temperature rises
 At specified voltage
 At specified power factor
• Meet any project specific parameters
• Optimise efficiency
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Power Factor
Power systems contain a mixture of resistive,
inductive and capacitive loads

• Inductive load - magnetising current

• Capacitive load - line charging current
• Inductance + capacitance = reactance

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Power Factor

Resistive load: Current in phase with voltage

Inductive load: Current lags voltage by 90°

Capacitive load: Current leads voltage by 90°

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

IR ITOTAL² = IR² + IM²

ITOTAL = √(IR² + IM²)

IM
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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

kVA (apparent power)

kVAr
ø
kW (real power)

Power factor = real power / apparent power

= cosine ø
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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

A 40 MW generator is rated at:

• 50 MVA at 0.8 power factor

• 80 MVA at 0.5 power factor

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

POWER FACTOR – A MECHANICAL ANALOGY

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

GENERATOR CAPABILITY DIAGRAM

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Electrical Design Requirements

• Achieve specified output

 Within specified temperature rises
 At specified voltage
 At specified power factor
• Meet any project specific parameters
• Optimise efficiency
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Most often specified:

• Subtransient reactance, x”d
• Short circuit ratio

Sometimes specified
• Armature dc time constant, Ta

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Most often specified:

• Subtransient reactance, x”d
• Short circuit ratio

Sometimes specified
• Armature dc time constant, Ta

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Most often specified:

• Subtransient reactance, x”d
• Short circuit ratio

Sometimes specified
• Armature dc time constant, Ta

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Flux paths following a

sudden short circuit

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Current following a sudden

short circuit:
 
IF = IL}(1/x”d – 1/x’d)e-t/Td” + (1/x’d – 1/xd)e-t/Td’ + 1/xd}

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Current following a sudden

short circuit:
 
IF = IL}(1/x”d – 1/x’d)e-t/Td” + (1/x’d – 1/xd)e-t/Td’ + 1/xd}

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

At time t = 0
 
IF = IL}1/x”d – 1/x’d + 1/x’d – 1/xd + 1/xd}
 
= IL}1/x”d}
 
= IL/x”d

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

• Subtransient reactance, x”d, determines the

initial inrush current following a fault
• Hence determines switchgear rating
• Often expressed as fault rating in MVA
Fault rating = rated MVA / X”d
• 50 MVA generator with X”d of 0.10 pu (10.0%)
has a fault rating of 500 MVA
• 50 MVA generator with X”d of 0.20 pu (20.0%)
has a fault rating of 250 MVA
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase subtransient reactance:

• Decrease flux density

• Increase “slot lip”
• Decrease slot width

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase subtransient reactance:

• Decrease flux density

• Increase “slot lip”
• Decrease slot width

Minimal effect

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase subtransient reactance:

• Decrease flux density

• Increase “slot lip”
• Decrease slot width

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE REACTANCE

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

DAX 75
DAX 7

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Most often specified:

• Subtransient reactance, x”d

• Short circuit ratio

Sometimes specified
• Armature dc time constant, Ta

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO

Short circuit ratio = OA / OB

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

• Short circuit ratio determines the

inherent steady state current
following a fault

• Steady state current under AVR

control is more important

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

SHORT CIRCUIT DECREMENT

Under AVR control

Constant excitation

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

GENERATOR CAPABILITY DIAGRAM

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase short circuit ratio:

• Increase terminal voltage

• Increase flux density
• Increase air gap
• Increase frame size

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Short circuit ratio = OA / OB

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase short circuit ratio:

• Increase terminal voltage

• Increase flux density
• Increase air gap
• Increase frame size

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

OA’ / OB > OA / OB
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase short circuit ratio:

• Increase terminal voltage

• Increase flux density
• Increase air gap
• Increase frame size

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ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

A’
OA’ / OB > OA / OB
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase short circuit ratio:

• Increase terminal voltage

• Increase flux density
• Increase air gap
• Increase frame size

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

A’
OA’ / OB > OA / OB
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

To increase short circuit ratio:

• Increase terminal voltage

• Increase flux density
• Increase air gap
• Increase frame size

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

B’
OA / OB’ > OA / OB
© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Most often specified:

• Subtransient reactance, x”d
• Short circuit ratio

Sometimes specified:
• Armature (DC) time constant, Ta

© BRUSH Group
ELECTRICAL DESIGN – DAX GENERATORS

Current following a
sudden short circuit:
 
IF = IL}(1/x”d – 1/x’d)e-t/Td” + (1/x’d – 1/xd)e-t/Td’ + 1/xd}

© BRUSH Group