Heat and

Temperatur
e
• Heat is a form of
energy that flows from
warmer bodies to
colder bodies.
• It is viewed as a form of
energy that is transferred
from one body to
another due to a
difference in
temperature.
• The SI unit of heat is joule
(J).

• Common unit of heat is

calorie.
• CALORIE the amount of
heat needed to change the
temperature of one gram
of water from the
pressure of the
atmosphere.
Sources of Heat
Natural Sources
1. The Sun
When the sun’s energy reaches the earth, 30% of its is
immediately reflected back out into space.

Only remains
70% to with the
interact
earth, and warm it up.
Of the 70%, 20%
is
energy to heat both the
surface of the earth, as
well as the ocean.
It is the sun’s heat
energy that makes
plants and animals to
provide themselves
with energy.
These plants provide
food for animals.
Human eat plants
and animals to
provide themselves
with energy.
Much of the heat on earth may be traced back to
the sun.
2. The interior of the Earth

A great amount of heat

also comes from buried hot
rocks and lava flow from
craters and crevices of
erupting volcanoes.

The hot spring in Tiwi, Albay, Los Banos, Laguna and

in Tayabas Quezon are proofs that the earth’s interior is
much hotter than its surface.
 Artificial Sources
1. Chemical Action
When fuels like coal, kerosene, wood, and gasoline are
burned, they are used as artificial sources of heat.

The oxygen we breathe

burns the in food we
eat, producing enough body
heat to our
keep
temperature close to 370 C.body
2. Mechanical Action
Heat energy produced by a friction.
3. Electrical Energy
Electricity is a very common source of heat
at home.
Oven toaster and electric iron are heated by the
resistance of the heating coils to the electricity
passing through them.
4. Nuclear Energy

The tremendous
amount of
from energy
reactions can benuclear
used
to change water into
steam, which is then
used to operate
a turbine to generate
electricity.
 How much have you learned?
1. Heat is one of the topics in Thermodynamics.
What is thermodynamics?
2. Use kinetic molecular theory as a basis to explain
how heat is produced.
3. Solar energy is used by plants to manufacture
their own food. Give two other examples how
solar energy is used.
4. Make a short description of the following kinds
of thermometer:
A. liquid-in-glass thermometer
B. Platinum-resistance thermometer
C. Thermocouple
D. Optical
E. thermograph
 Temperature Scale
The most common thermometer in the
used laboratory is the Mercury
Thermometer.
Colored alcohol is another liquid commonly used
in thermometer.
Celsius Scale
Commonly known as Centigrade Scale

This scale was devised in

by a
astronomer Swedish Anders
1741
,
Celsius, based on the
properties of water.
On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of
water is fixed at 0 degree Celsius (00 C)

The boiling point of pure water under

normal atmospheric pressure, 760 mm
Hg (at sea level), is 100 degrees Celsius
(1000 C).

The normal temperature of the human

body is 370 C
Fahrenheit Scale

The Fahrenheit scale was

devised by Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit, A German
physicist.

Unites States of America and England use the

Fahrenheit scale for weather observation and other
purposes.
On Fahrenheit scale, 320 F is
the freezing point of water and
2120 F is the boiling point.
Kelvin Scale or Absolute Zero

Named after Sir

William Thompson
(Lord Kelvin)
who devised it.
This temperature scale is often used when
gases are involved.
Its zero point (0 K) corresponds to -2730 C
and is referred to as Absolute Zero or the
temperature at which the molecular
energy of matter is minimal.

On the Kelvin scale, the freezing point of

water is 273 K and the boiling point of
water is 373 K.
To convert temperature readings from
one scale to another, the equation below
are used:
 Converting Units of Temperature

C to oF
o o F = (9/5)(oC) + 32

38.7 oC oF
o F = (1.8)(OC) + 32
= (1.8) (38.7) +
32
= 69.66 +
= 32
o F to C
o oC = 5/9 ( oF –
32)
101.7 oF o C
oC 5/9 ( oF – 32)
=
= .555 (101.7 –
32)
= (.555)
(69.7)

=
o C to K K = 273 + oC

38.7 oC K
K = 273 + oC
= 273 +
38.7

= 311.7
 Convert the
1) 37o C following
to 1) 98.6oF

oF 2) 176.7oC
2) 350oF to oC 3) 373 K
3) 100oC to K 4) 203 oF
4) 95o C to oF 5) 327.4 K
5) 130 oF to K
6) 39 C to oF
o 6) 102 oF
7) -160oF to oC 7) -107oC
8) 80.0oF to oC 8) 27 o C
9) 27oC to K 9) 300
10) 120oC to oF K
 How Heat is Measured?
Thermometer only gives us an idea of the total
potential energy and kinetic energy of the molecules
in an object.
It does not tell us how much heat a particular object
absorbs or gives off.
In fact there is no instrument that directly measures
the amount of heat energy that a body gives off or
absorbs

If you want to calculate the amount of heat given off

by a piece of charcoal or a certain kind of gas, then
you have to determine the change in temperature it
produces on a definite volume of water.
 Units of Heat
Common units used for measuring heat energy:
a. Calorie (cal)
b. kilocalorie (kcal)
c. joule (J)

The SI unit for heat, as for any other form of energy is

the Joule (1 N.m = 1 joule)

Today, the calorie is defined in terms of the joule: that

is 1 cal = 4.184 J.

This is the mechanical equivalent of heat

1 Kcal = 1000 calories
 Effects of Heat
1.Generally when a substance absorbs heat, its
temperature rises.

2.Solid usually melt or change to the

liquid state when heated.
3. Liquid may absorb enough energy
when heated to change to vapor state.
4. Almost all objects expand when
heated.
5. A change in the heat content of a substance
can cause chemical changes.
6. Heat causes many changes in
bodily functions of living organisms
Enzymes are protein-like substances formed in human
cells that act as catalysts in initiating or speeding up
specific chemical reactions.
Each has a characteristics shape that allows it to hold
two or more molecules close enough together so they
can react chemically.
If the temperature is increased, then the speed of
moving molecules is also increased.
Bombardment by high speed molecules in the cell can
cause the enzymes to lose its shape.
It can no longer perform its vital function.
Two glasses stack together.

If we twist them apart, one or both

of them may break.
What is the safest way to separate
the two glasses that stick together?
One way is to pour some cold water
into the inner glass and dip the
outer glass in hot water.
Within a short while, the two glasses can easily be
pulled apart.
Why? Generally most substances expands
when heated and contract when cooled.
A change in temperature produces
a change in length in almost all
solid.
Experimental results have shown
that change in length is directly
proportional to change in
and to the
temperature
length of the object.
original
Different solids of the same length
differ in their expansion for the
same change in temperature.
In liquids the effect of heat is an increase in their
volume while the effect of cooling is a decrease in their
volume.
Expansion of Gases

Why do gases
expand at a greater
rate than solids and
liquids?
 Change of Phase
Whenever the temperature of a substance changes,
there is an accompanying change in its molecular
structure.
If the change in molecular structure is such that it
becomes noticeable, then we say that the substance
is undergoing a Change of Phase.
 Heat Transfer
Heat may be transferred
in three ways:
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation
 a. Conduction
Transmission of heat from particle to particle

Conduction of heat in an object will take place

only when one part of the object has a higher
temperature than another part.

The part with a higher

temperature will transfer its
heat energy to that part
with a lower temperature.
Solid are the best conductors of heat.

Among solids, metal conduct

heat the best.
But metals differ in
their conductivity.

Silver is very good conductor of heat

than iron and lead. Why?
b. Convection
The heat energy is distributed by the liquid or
gaseous molecules in circling currents.
c. Radiation
Transferof heat through electromagnetic
waves.
 2
1

3
4
QUIZ
1. The absolute zero temperature
is
a. -273 0 C
b. -320 C
c. 00 C
d. 273 K
2.The space between the walls of
the double-walled thermos bottle
is evacuated to
a. increase volume
b. reduce convection
c. reduce heat transfer
by conduction
d. both b and c
3. Dry ice has a temperature of -
110.2 0 F. What would its
temperatur be on the
e scale? Celsius
a. -7110
b. -198.3 0 C
C
c. -142.20 C
d. -790 C
4. temperature is often
identified as 680 F.
Room What
temperature is this on the Kelvin
scale?
a. 20 K
b. 100 K
c. 293 K
d. 341 K
5.The transfer of energy from a
source to an object by direct
contact between them is
a. conduction
b. convection
c. insulation
d. radiation
6.As more heat is added to a
sample of water boiling in a
stove, its temperature
a. decreases
b. increases
c. increases then decreases
d. remains the same
7. When water reaches 40 .
C, a. it will expand only if heated.
b. its volume will remain constant.
c. it will expand whether it is cooled
or heated.
d. it will contract until it freezes
into ice, and then expand.
8. When does
vaporization happen? It .
a. will occur only at night.
b. takes place at very great pressures.
c. occurs at the boiling point temperature
d. takes only at a definite temperature
may occur at a definite temperature
or at any temperature.
9. Which of the following
statements is true about
boiling? It .
a. is lower than evaporation.
b. takes place at a
definite temperature.
c. is the same for all liquids at
the same temperature.
d. takes place when bubbles begin
to appear in the liquid.
10. The rate of evaporation
be increase by
may
a. raising the temperature of the
liquid.
b. increasing the surface
area of the liquid.
c. decreasing the air pressure on the
surface of the liquid.
d. any of the above.
11. What is condensation? It
a. is an exothermic process.
b. is the opposite process of
melting.
c. is due to the increase in the
kinetic energy of the particle
of the liquid.
d. refers to the change from
solid state to gaseous state
form of matter.
Two cars of the same model, the same brand, and the
same size, are both locked and parked under the sun
in an open parking lot. The two cars are parked from
9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. One of the cars is ivory white
in color and the other is dark blue.

12. Under the same condition, at 12:00 noon,

a. the dark-colored will be hotter inside.

b. the ivory-colored car will be hotter inside.
c. since both are locked, the sun will not affect
either car.
d. since both are under the same sun, they will
both be equally hot.
 Match Column A with Column B

Column A
Column A
13. William Thompson a. Centigrade tempt. Scale
14. Anders Celsius b. Absolute Tempt. Scale
15. D. Gabriel Fahrenheit c. Fahrenheit Tempt. Scale
16. B.T. Rumford
17. J. Prescott Joule d. Heat is produced by friction
e. Concluded that heat
is a form of energy.
18-21. Enumerate different
the artificial sources of
heat.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22-24. Enumerate different
the methods of heat
transfer.
22.
23.
24.
25. True or False
Land breeze and sea breeze occurs
because of conviction current.