Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry

(Analytical Chemistry)

CHE420
 What is Analytical Chemistry?
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY:

• The Science of Chemical Measurements.

• Science of extraction , quantification of an unknown sample

• It also deals with methods for determining the chemical
composition of samples.

Types of Questions Asked in Analytical Chemistry

a.) What is in the sample? (qualitative analysis)
b.) How much is in the sample? (quantitative analysis)
 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

Techniques used in Analytical Chemistry:

a.) Wet Chemical Methods: titrations, color-forming reactions,
precipitations, etc.
b.) Instrumental Methods: spectrometry, chromatography, etc.

What is it ?
How much is there?
How pure is it?
What are the impurities?
The Analytical Process

1.) Formulating the Question:

Translate General Question into Specific Question

Is this water safe to Drink?  What is the concentration of Arsenic in the water sample?

2.) Selecting Analytical Procedures:

a.) Choose procedure to measure Arsenic in water Source Caffeine Serving
(mgs per size (oz)
(i) Uncertainty in measurement serving
(ii) Limit of detection
Regular coffee 106-164 5
(iii) Destroy sample
Decaffeinated 2-5 5
(iv) Availability, time, cost coffee
b.) If necessary, develop new procedure
Tea 21-50 5
Cocoa beverage 2-8 6
3.) Sampling:
Baking 35 1
a.) Select representative material to analyze chocolate
(i) don’t use the entire sample
Sweet chocolate 20 1
(ii) consistency in sample collection
Milk chocolate 6 1
soft drinks 36-57 12
The Analytical Process

4.) Sample Preparation:

a.) convert sample into form suitable for chemical analysis
(i) Dissolve sample
(ii) Concentrate sample

(iii) Remove species that interfere with analysis

The Analytical Process

4.) Sample Preparation:

a.) Example:

How do you prepare samples for Drug Discovery?

What we want to know:
• Is the drug active? Does it cure the disease/illness?
• How is the drug taken? (Pill, injection)
• How often does the drug need to be taken?
• Does the drug have side-effects?

How these Questions are Typically Addressed:

• Treat animal (rat, mice, etc) with drug
• Monitor drug duration in animal
• Monitor location of drug accumulation
• Monitor animal health

How do you treat the animal with the drug?

How do you monitor the drug concentration in the
Animal?
How do you determine the drug location?
How do you determine the animals health?
Tumor size is measured by fluorescence
through the mouse skin using quantum
dots as a function drug dosage
The Analytical Process

4.) Sample Preparation:

a.) Example:
Cross-section of sacrificed
How do you prepare samples for Drug Discovery? mouse showing tissue
removal

Inject mouse with

drug
Tissue plug from
mouse kidney

Determine drug quantity and distribution

Chromatography indicates presence of
drug an metabolites in tissue sample Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31, S57–S62 (2000)
CHM 212
M. Prushan
The Analytical Process

5.) Analysis:
a.) measure concentration of analyte in several identical
aliquots (portions)
(i) Replicate measurements  uncertainty in the
analysis
 Avoid large errors
 Reliability of measurement
(ii) Calibration Curve
 Measure response for known samples

6.) Report and Interpretation of Results

7.) Drawing Conclusions
a) How the Report is used
 UNITS AND
CONCENTRATIONS
Units of Measurement

1.) SI Units:
a.) international units of measurement (metric units)
b.) ALL SI units are based on certain fundamental
quantities

Quantity Unit (Symbol)

Length Meter (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s)
Electric current Ampere (A)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Luminous Candela (cd)
intensity
Amount of Mole (mol)
substance
Plane angle Radian (rad)
Solid angle Steradian (sr)
Units of Measurement

Standards of length were once represented by the distance between two

marks on a solid metal bar. Copies of these standards were displayed in
public places so that people could check the accuracy of the rules they
were using.

Standards Of Length (1876) Trafalgar Square

In 1588, Elizabeth I issued a new standard yard which remained

the legal British yard for over 300 years.
Units of Measurement Quantity Unit Symbol SI equivalent
Volume liter L *10-3 m3

1.) SI Units: milliliter mL *10-6 m3

. nversions to SI units Length angstrom Å *10-10 m
Liter is commonly used for inch In. *0.0254 m
volume instead of m3
Mass pound lb *0.45359237 kg
metric ton *1000 kg
Force dyne dyn *10-5 N
Pressure bar bar *105 Pa
atmosphere atm *101325 Pa
torr Torr 133.322 Pa
pound/in2 psi 6894.76 Pa
Energy erg erg *10-7 J
electron volt eV 1.602176462x10-19 J
calorie, thermochemical cal *4.184 J
Calorie (British) Cal *1000 cal = 4.184 kJ
British thermal unit Btu 1055.06 J
Power horsepower 745.700 W
Temperature Centigrade (= Celsius) o
C *K - 273.15
Fahrenheit o
F *1.8(K – 273.15) + 32

CHM 212
M. Prushan
Units of Measurement Quantity Unit Symbol SI equivalent
Volume liter L *10-3 m3

1.) SI Units: milliliter mL *10-6 m3

• conversions to SI units Length angstrom Å *10-10 m
• Liter is commonly used for inch In. *0.0254 m
volume instead of m3
Mass pound lb *0.45359237 kg
metric ton *1000 kg
Force dyne dyn *10-5 N
Pressure bar bar *105 Pa
atmosphere atm *101325 Pa
torr Torr 133.322 Pa
pound/in2 psi 6894.76 Pa
Energy erg erg *10-7 J
electron volt eV 1.602176462x10-19 J
calorie, thermochemical cal *4.184 J
Calorie (British) Cal *1000 cal = 4.184 kJ
British thermal unit Btu 1055.06 J
Power horsepower 745.700 W
Temperature Centigrade (= Celsius) o
C *K - 273.15
Fahrenheit o
F *1.8(K – 273.15) + 32
 SOLUTION AND
THEIR
CONCENTRATION
MOLARITY
 
1. Molar Concentration

MOLARITY

M=

• Molarity is a measurement of the moles in the total volume

of the solution.

• Morality is the number of moles of solute per litre of

solution.
  A 4 g sugar cube (sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup filled with hot water. What is the
1.
molarity of the sugar solution?

Solution.
 
C12H22O11 = (12)(12) + (1)(22) + (16)(11)
C12H22O11 = 144 + 22+ 176
C12H22O11 = 342 g/mol
 
Divide this amount into the size of the sample

4g C12H22O11 x = 0.117 mol

350 ml= 0.350 L
 
M=
M=
M = 0.033
Answer:
The molarity of the sugar solution is 0.033 mol/L
 
 2. 15 g of NaBr is dissolve in 400 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?

M=

 
15 g NaBr x x = 0.364 M (mol/L)

• Molar Mass NaBr = 23+79.9 = 102.9 g/mol

 PERCENT
CONCENTRATION
 PERCENT BY MASS

 PERCENT BY VOLUME
 1. 15 g of NaCl was dissolved in 225 g of water. What is the mass percent of NaCl in the solution?

SOLUTION:

  Mass % =
2. 25 ml of methanol(CH3OH) (ρ = 0.792 g/ cm3) is mixed with 150 ml of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
(ρ= 0.789 g / cm3). What is the mass percent of methanol in the solution?
What is the volume percent of methanol?

SOLUTION:

 ρ= ; m =ρV m(CH3OH)=

25 ml   x = 19.8 g = mass solute

m(CH3CH2OH)
= 150 ml   x = 118.35 g = mass solvent

  Mass % =

  19.8 g
𝑥 100 % Mass % = 14.3 %
(19.8 g+118.35 g )

  %VOLUME=
  25 𝑚𝑙
𝑥 100 % %VOLUME= 14.3 %
25𝑚𝑙 +150 𝑚𝑙
 3. The density of a 0.75 M NaOH solution is 1.1g/ml. Calculate the mass percent of NaOH in the solution.

SOLUTION:

  M=

1L ¿  𝟑𝟎 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯

Molar mass NaOH= (23+16+1) = 40 g / mol

 𝑥 1.1 𝑔
1L   x
𝑚𝑙
¿  𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
  Mass % =

  =

¿  𝟐 .𝟕𝟑 %
PARTS PER MILLION &
PARTS PER BILLION

Parts per million (ppm) = 6  

Parts per billion (ppb) = 9

1. 4 mg 0f NaCl is dissolved in 8 kg of solution. What is the concentration of NaCl in ppm?

SOLUTION:

  ppm = 6

  =6

= 0.5 ppm
 2. the concentration of KI is 150 ppm is a solution with a mass of 7500g. how many grams of KI is present
in the solution?

LET’S CHECK
SOLUTION:
  ppm = 6
  ppm = 6

7500
  𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛  150 𝑔 𝐾𝐼
1
𝑥
1 𝑋 10 6 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
¿  𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒈 𝑲𝑰 = 150 ppm
3. The concentration of Na3PO4 is 400 ppb in 500 ml solution with a density of 1.02 g/ ml. How many
micrograms of Na3PO4 is present in the solution?

SOLUTION:

1 µg = 1x10 -6 g

 500 𝑚𝑙   1.02 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛   400 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 3 𝑃𝑂 4   1µ 𝐠

1
𝑥
1 𝑚𝑙
𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥 10 9 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑥 10 ^ −6 𝑔
¿  𝟐𝟎𝟒 µ𝐠

Let’s us check!
510 g
solution
  ppb = 9 ppm -- ppb

9
400 ppb =   1ppm = 1000 ppb

ppb= 400 ppb

MOLALITY
 

Molality
also called molal concentration, is the measure of concentration of solute in a solution in terms of amount
of substance in a specified amount of mass of the solvent.

m=

• Molality differs from molarity only in the denominator.

• While molarity is based on the liters of solution, molality is based on the kilograms of solvent.
1. Determine the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 28.60g of glucose (C6H12O6) into 250.g of
water.

Solution
Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known
Mass solute = 28.60gC6H12O6
Mass solvent = 0.250kg
Molar mass C6H12O6 =180.18g/mol

Unknown
Molality = m
• Convert grams of glucose to moles and divide by the mass of the water in kilograms.
  3. What is the molality of a 1.3 M HBr solution with a density of 1.15 g/ ml?
Solution:

M=
   
1 L = 1000 ml

Find the mass of the solvent:

Molar mass HBr = 80.908 g/ mol
(H= 1.008 ; Br = 79.90)
 
Solute + Solvent = Solution
105. 18 g HBr + H2O = 1150 g
Solvent (H2O) = 1150 g – 105.18 g = 1044.82 g H2O
=1.0488 kg H2O

 
= 1.233 mol / kg
 4. The volume percent of methanol CH3OH (density= 0.792 g/ml)in H2O(density= 1g/ml). What is the
molality of the solution?

SOLUTION:

Solute + Solvent = Solution

10 ml + 90 ml = 100 ml

Molar mass CH3OH = 32.04 g / mol

 
 90 𝑚𝑙   1 𝑔  𝑥 1 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑥 ¿  0.09 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑙 1000 𝑔

10
  𝑚𝑙𝐶𝐻 3 𝑂𝐻   0.792 𝑔   1 𝑚𝑜𝑙   1
 𝑥
1
𝑥
𝑚𝑙
𝑥
32.04 𝑔 0.09 𝑘𝑔 ¿ 𝟐 .𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝒎 𝑪𝑯 𝟑 𝑶𝑯
 
NORMALITY
Normality (N) is defined as the number of mole
equivalents per liter of solution

 
How to calculate normality from molarity?
The mole equivalents of an acid or base are calculated by determining the number of H+ or
OH- ions per molecule:

N = n × M (where n is an integer)

For an acid solution, n is the number of H+ ions provided by a formula unit of acid.

Example: A 3 M H2SO4 solution is the same as a 6 N H2SO4 solution.

For a basic solution, n is the number of OH- ions provided by a formula unit of base.

Example: A 1 M Ca(OH)2 solution is the same as a 2 N Ca(OH)2 solution.

Note: The normality of a solution is NEVER less than its molarity!

 1. What is the Normality of the solution that contains 50 g of H2SO4 dissolved in 15 L?
SOLUTION:
  M= Molar mass H2SO4 = 1.008(2) + 32.06(1) + 16 (4) = 98.076 g/mol

  𝑔 H 2 SO 4  1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 4  𝑥 1
50
𝑥 15 𝐿   0.034 𝑀
¿
1 98.076 𝑔 How can
we 1 e.w. = mass that yields 1mol H+
Calculate normality using:   N= determine
the e.w.
N=Mxn 1 mol H+ - grams = no. e.w.
Another way (convert g substance  no. e.w.)
N= 0.034 (2)   N=

= 0.068 N
1𝑚𝑜𝑙
  𝐻 + ¿ ¿𝑥  1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 4𝑥  98.076 𝑔 ¿  49.038
1 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 +¿ ¿ 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 4
Conversion factor: 1 e.w.= 49.038g

  N= 50
  𝑔 𝐻 2 𝑆𝑂 4  1𝑒.𝑤 .  
𝑥 ¿ 1.0196 𝑒 . 𝑤
1 49.038 𝑔
1
 1.0196 𝑒. 𝑤  𝑥
15 𝐿 ¿0.6797 𝑁
 

= 0.68 N
 2. What is the normality of a solution that contains 1.5 g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 850 ml?

SOLUTION:

  M= Molar mass = 40.08 + 2(16) + 2(1.008) = 74.096 g / mol

1.5   1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥
  𝑔 𝐶𝑎 ( 𝑂𝐻 ) 2 𝑥   1
¿  0.0238 𝑀
1 74.096 𝑔 0.85 𝐿
N= M x n
 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 + ¿ ¿𝑥  1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂𝐻 − 𝑥  1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎 (𝑂𝐻 )2  𝑥 74.096 𝑔
1 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 + ¿¿ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂𝐻 − 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 37.048 =e.w.
  =

N = 0.0476 N   N=

1.5   1𝑒.𝑤.  
  𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻 ) 2 𝑥 1
𝑥
1 37.048 𝑔 0.85 𝐿

¿  𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝑵