Presented By-

Ms. Yashodhara Ghosh Sen

Asistant Professor
ION, BWU
Introduction to patient care-
• The term “ Patient care”, begins by
explaining what “patient” means and what
medical practice is. Medical practice is the
act of providing health services to those in
need.
• There are different types of health services
practiced. One is the medical diagnosis and
another is the treatment or health service
itself. In the medical field, the patient is one
of the most important people involved.
• Patient care ensure that the patient is kept
happy and comfortable with their wellbeing
in mind.
• It is their right to be treated with dignity
and care, and they have the right to have
their privacy maintained.
• All the records regarding the treatment
should be maintained so that when the
patient needs to consult the doctor he can
produce his records.
• The staff should be aware of the different
procedures that are to be followed and
they should be trained to execute them
properly.
Definition of Patient Care-
• The services rendered by members of the
health care professions for the benefit of a
patient is known as patient care
Definition of Patient Care-

• Patient care is the core responsibility of a

medical practitioner. They have to assure
that the patient is given the best possible
care. In hospitals or any other medical
institution, the doctors and nurses take
care of their patients very carefully. They
are responsible for answering any patient
questions and always ensuring their basic
needs are taken care of.
Importance of patient care-

• It is not just about medical care but it is

also about the physical, mental and
emotional well-being of the patient.
• We have to make sure that we give utmost
attention to all patients no matter how they
behave or what is the meaning of patient
care in medical terms.
Concept of Patient Care-

• Patient care is an interdisciplinary process

centered on the care recipient in the context
of the family, significant others, and
community.
• Typically, patient care includes the services
of physicians, nurses, and members of other
health disciplines according to patient needs:
physical, occupational, and respiratory
therapists; nutritionists; psychologists; social
workers; and many others
• Each of these disciplines brings
specialized perspectives and expertise.
Specific cognitive processes and
therapeutic techniques vary by discipline,
but all disciplines share certain
commonalities in the provision of care.
• In its simplest terms, the process of care
begins with collecting data and assessing
the patient’s current status in comparison
to criteria or expectations of normality.
For example-

• A 75-year-old woman with rheumatoid

arthritis, high blood pressure,and urinary
incontinence might receive care from a
physician, a home-care nurse, a
nutritionist, a physical therapist, and an
occupational therapist. From a simplistic,
additive perspective, each discipline could
be said to perform the following functions:
• 1. Physician: diagnose diseases, prescribe
appropriate medications, authorize other
care services
• 2. Nurse: assess patient’s understanding
of her condition and treatment and her
selfcare abilities and practices; teach and
counsel as needed; help patient to perform
exercises at home; report findings to
physician and other caregivers
• 3. Nutritionist: assess patient’s nutritional
status and eating patterns; prescribe and
teach appropriate diet to control blood
pressure and build physical strength
• 4. Physical therapist: prescribe and teach
appropriate exercises to improve strength
and flexibility and to enhance
cardiovascular health, within limitations of
arthritis
• 5. Occupational therapist: assess abilities
and limitations for performing activities
ofdaily living; prescribe exercises to
improve strength and flexibility of hands
and arms; teach adaptive techniques and
provide assistive devices as needed
• Although the care of individual patients is thus
complex, because patients receive services
from multiple caregivers, someonemust
coordinate those services. Coordination
includes seeing that patients receive all the
services they need in logical sequence without
scheduling conflicts and ensuring that each
caregiver communicates as needed with the
others. Sometimes, a case manager is
designated to do this coordination.
The Health care Team-

• Healthcare is a team effort. Each

healthcare provider is like a member of the
team with a special role. Some team
members are doctors or technicians who
help diagnose disease. Others are experts
who treat disease or care for patients’
physical and emotional needs.
• Doctors
• Physician Assistants
• Nurses
• Pharmacists
• Dentists
• Technologists and technicians
• Therapists and rehabilitation specialists
• Emotional, social and spiritual support
providers
• Administrative and support staff
• Community health workers and patient
navigators
Doctors

• Doctors, or physicians, are key members of

the healthcare team. They have years of
education and training. They may be primary
care doctors or specialists.
• Primary care doctors
• When patients need medical care, they first go
to primary care doctors. Primary care doctors
focus on preventive healthcare. This includes
regular check-ups, disease screening tests,
immunizations and health counseling.
• Specialists
• Specialists diagnose and treat conditions
that require a special area of knowledge.
Patients may see a specialist to diagnose
or treat a specific short-term condition or, if
they have a chronic disease, they may see
a specialist on an ongoing basis. Examples
of specialties include: endocrinology,
dermatology and obstetrics.
Physician Assistants (PA’s)

• Physician’s Assistants are licensed to

practice medicine and are supervised by a
doctor. Their training is similar to a doctor’s
but they do not complete an internship or
residency. Like a medical doctor, a
physician’s assistant can perform physical
exams, order tests, diagnose illnesses and
prescribe medicine, assist in surgery,
provide preventive Healthcare counseling.
Patient-Centered Care-

• Patient-centered care is the practice of

caring for patients (and their families) in
ways that are meaningful and valuable to
the individual patient.
• It includes listening to, informing and
involving patients in their care.
Definition of Patient centered care-

• “Providing care that is respectful of, and

responsive to, individual patient
preferences, needs and values, and
ensuring that patient values guide all
clinical decisions.”
Picker's Eight Principles of Patient
Centered Care-
• Respect for patients' values, preferences
and expressed needs.
• Coordination and integration of care.
• Information and education.
• Physical comfort.
• Emotional support and alleviation of fear
and anxiety.
Cont..

• Involvement of family and friends.

• Continuity and transition.
• Access to care.
1. Respect for patients’ values,
preferences and expressed needs

• Involve patients in decision-making,

recognizing they are individuals with their
own unique values and preferences. Treat
patients with dignity, respect and
sensitivity to his/her cultural values and
autonomy.
2. Coordination and integration of care

• During focus groups, patients expressed

feeling vulnerable and powerless in the
face of illness. Proper coordination of care
can alleviate those feelings. Patients
identified three areas in which care
coordination can reduce feelings of
vulnerability:
3. Information and education
• In interviews, patients expressed their worries
that they were not being completely informed
about their condition or prognosis. To counter
this fear, hospitals can focus on three kinds of
communication:
• Information on clinical status, progress and
prognosis
• Information on processes of care
• Information to facilitate autonomy, self-care
and health promotion
4. Physical comfort

• The level of physical comfort patients

report has a significant impact on their
experience. Three areas were reported as
particularly important to patients:
• Pain management
• Assistance with activities and daily living
needs
• Hospital surroundings and environment
5. Emotional support and alleviation of
fear and anxiety
• Fear and anxiety associated with illness
can be as debilitating as the physical
effects. Caregivers should pay particular
attention to:
• Anxiety over physical status, treatment
and prognosis
• Anxiety over the impact of the illness on
themselves and family
• Anxiety over the financial impact of illness
6. Involvement of family and friends

• This principle addresses the role of family

and friends in the patient experience.
• Providing accommodations for family and
friends
• Involving family and close friends in
decision making
• Supporting family members as caregivers
• Recognizing the needs of family and
friends
7. Continuity and transition

• Patients expressed concern about their

ability to care for themselves after
discharge. Meeting patient needs in this
area requires the following:
• Understandable, detailed information
regarding medications, physical
limitations, dietary needs, etc.
• Coordinate and plan ongoing treatment
and services after discharge
• Provide information regarding access to
clinical, social, physical and financial
support on a continuing basis.
8. Access to care

• Patients need to know they can access

care when it is needed. Focusing mainly
on ambulatory care, the following areas
were of importance to the patient:
• Access to the location of hospitals, clinics
and physician offices
• Availability of transportation
• Ease of scheduling appointments
• Availability of appointments when needed
• Accessibility to specialists or specialty
services when a referral is made
• Clear instructions provided on when and
how to get referrals.
Types of Patient-

IPD OPD
Types of Patient-

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Diseases
-Acute & Chronic
-Medical & Surgical
-Curative & Palliative
4. Severity
•Severity of illness is defined as the extent of
organ system derangement or physiologic
decompensation for a patient. It denotes a
medical classification as either minor,
moderate, major, or extreme.
Types of Hospital Units
• Hospitals have different types of units
which provide different types of care and
services for patients. Hospital units can be
separated into two categories based on
the level (or acuity) of care they provide.
Intensive Care Units

• Intensive care units (ICUs) are areas of

the hospital where seriously ill patients
receive specialized care such as intensive
monitoring and advanced life support.
• Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs)
which provide care for newborn infants
• Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs)
which provide care for children
• Coronary care and cardiothoracic units
(CCUs/CTUs) which provide care for heart
attack or heart surgery patients
• Surgical intensive care units (SICUs)
which provide care for other surgical
patients
• Medical intensive care units (MICUs)
which provide care for patients with
medical conditions who do not require
surgery
• Long term intensive care units (LTAC
ICUs) which provide care for prolonged
critical care needs patients
Non-Intensive Care Units

• Non-Intensive Care Units often make up the

majority of beds in a hospital and provide a
lower level of care. These units may also be
called wards.
• Neonatal units which provide care for ill
premature infants and neonates
• Women and infant health units which provide
care before, during and after childbirth
(perinatal) for mothers and for well newborn
babies
• Pediatric units which provide care for
children younger than 19 years old
• Post-critical care (or step down) units
which care for patients no longer needing
ICU level care
• Oncology units which provide care for
patients with cancer and immune system
disorders
• Surgical units which provide care for pre-
and post-surgical patients, and/or which
may specialize in certain types of surgery
(like orthopedic joint surgery)
• Medical units which provide care for
conditions like stroke, heart attack, or
pneumonia
Other units providing specialty care

• There are many types of units which

provide specialty care (such as burn,
oncology wards, trauma ICUs, and
neurologic ICUs). Patients in some types
of units may be more likely to get
infections than in other types of units.
• Rehabilitation wards which provide care to
improve mental or physical function after
injury, trauma, stroke, or other acute
neurologic condition
• Long-term care wards which provide care
to patients for an extended period of time
• The term triage originated from the French
verb trier which means to sort. During the
time of Napoleon, the French military used
triage to serve as a battlefield clearing
hospital for wounded soldiers. The U.S.
military's first use of triage was during the
Civil War.
• Triage on the battlefield was a distribution
center from which injured soldiers were
sorted or distributed to various hospitals.
For the military during World Wars I and II,
triage was the procedure that determined
which injured soldiers were able to be
returned to the battlefield.
Triage

• Triage is the prioritization of patient care (or

victims during a disaster) based on
illness/injury, severity, prognosis, and
resource availability.
• It is the process of assigning priority to
patients' treatments based on the severity
of their condition, the urgency of them to
receive immediate treatment, and their
likelihood of recovery with and without
treatment.
Levels of Triage-
Purpose of triaging-

• The purpose of triage is to identify patients

needing immediate resuscitation; to assign
patients to a predesignated patient care
area, thereby prioritizing their care; and to
initiate diagnostic/therapeutic measures as
appropriate.
Steps of Triaging-

• Step 1 – Triage. Triage is the process of

determining the severity of a patient's
condition. ...
• Step 2 – Registration.
• Step 3 – Treatment.
• Step 4 – Reevaluation.
• Step 5 – Discharge.
Importance of Triage-

• A triage tag is a prefabricated label placed

on each patient that serves to accomplish
several objectives:
• Identify the patient.
• Bear record of assessment findings.
• Identify the priority of the patient's need for
medical treatment and transport from the
emergency scene.
• Track the patients' progress through the
triage process.
• Identify additional hazards such as
contamination.