Forces Between Molecules

Intermolecular Forces
 They determine the phase of a
substance at room temperature.

Why are intermolecular

forces important?
 Dispersion or Van der Waals
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen Bonds

3 Types of Intermolecular
Forces
 Hydrogen Bonds

Strongest Intermolecular
Force
Between molecules containing F,
O, N bonded to a H atom

When do Hydrogen bonds

occur?
 Between molecules containing
F-H bonds

Strongest hydrogen bonds?

 Between molecules containing
N-H bonds

Weakest hydrogen bonds?

 Hydrogen bonding leads to
substantial increases in the
expected boiling point.

What effect does H-bonding

have on the properties of the
substance?
 Dispersion or Van der Waals
forces

Weakest Intermolecular
Force
 Between nonpolar molecules

When do dispersion forces

occur?
 No Poles!
The molecule is symmetric!
Cannot tell 1 end from the other.

Nonpolar
Monatomic Gases (Column 18)
&
Diatomic Elements

2 Easy categories of
Nonpolar Molecules
 H2, N2, O2, F2, Br2, Cl2, & I2

What are the diatomic

elements?
 Larger molecules with a very
symmetric shape

3rd category of Nonpolar

Molecules
 The larger the molecules the
stronger the dispersion forces!

What can you say about

dispersion forces as a function
of molecular size?
 Between polar molecules.

When do dipole-dipole
forces occur?
 Has Poles!
The molecule is NOT symmetric!
Can tell 1 end from the other.

Polar
Gas phase of a substance that is
normally a liquid at room
temperature.

Vapor
The partial pressure of a vapor
above its liquid.

Vapor Pressure
 Vapor pressure depends on the
temperature of the liquid.

What does vapor pressure

depend on? (Hint: see Table H)
 The vapor pressure always
increases with temperature.

What happens to the vapor

pressure as the temperature of
the liquid is increased?
 No. A thimbleful is as good as
an ocean.

Does the vapor pressure depend

on the amount of liquid present?
 Evaporation occurs at all
temperatures. Boiling occurs at a
definite temperature.
Evaporation occurs at the surface.
Boiling occurs throughout the liquid.

What are some differences

between evaporation & boiling?
 Amount of energy required to
convert 1 gram of a pure solid to
the liquid phase at its melting point.

Heat of fusion
 Amount of energy required to
convert 1 gram of a pure liquid to
the gas phase at its boiling point.

Heat of vaporization
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the higher the boiling
point.

What happens to the boiling

point as the intermolecular
forces increase?
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the higher the melting
point.

What happens to the melting

point as the intermolecular
forces increase?
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the higher the heat of
fusion.

What happens to the heat of

fusion as the intermolecular
forces increase?
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the higher the heat of
vaporization.

What happens to the heat of

vaporization as the
intermolecular forces increase?
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the lower the evaporation
rate.

What happens to the evaporation

rate as the intermolecular forces
increase?
 The stronger the intermolecular
forces, the lower the vapor
pressure.

What happens to the vapor

pressure as the intermolecular
forces increase?
Temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to
the external pressure.

Boiling Point
Temperature at which the vapor
pressure of a liquid is equal to 1
atm or 101.3 kPa or 760 torr.

Normal Boiling Point

 The boiling point is reduced.

What happens to the boiling

point when the external pressure
is reduced?
Solid to gas

Sublimation
Gas to solid

Deposition
Liquid to Gas

Vaporization
 Gas to liquid

Condensation
Solid to liquid
Or
Melting

Fusion
Liquid to solid
Crystallization
Solidification

Freezing
 Solid to liquid G
Liquid to Gas L
Solid to Gas
S

Which phase changes are

endothermic?
 Gas to Liquid G
Liquid to Solid L
Gas to Solid
S

Which phase changes are

exothermic?