Occupational health and

occupational medicine

Introduction
 What was the occupational health
and the occupational medicine

Occupational health and the occupational

medicine was an important branch of the
preventive medicine.
 Review
Preventive medicine:
1.Studying the factors affecting the health
2. Clarifying the relationship between
environmental factors and population health
3. Developing public health strategies
4. Preventing disease
5. Promoting health
6. Prolonging life and improve the quality of life
 What was the occupational health and
the occupational medicine
The occupational health and occupational medicine
was for the Identification, assessment, and control the
adverse working conditions, in order to promote the
occupational population health and promote the quality
of working of life.
Zhanghaichao event

The family of Zhanghaichao

The factory Zhanghaichao worked
After the operation
 Two important and common concepts
about occupational health
occupational hazard: The factors existing in the labor
environment and the labor process, which were
potential hazard to the occupational population
health.

occupational adverse effect: The adverse effects of the

population health from the occupational hazard.
 What kinds of the occupational hazard
First: the labor condition:

（一） The hazard factors in the production process

1. Chemical factors ： lead, benzene, and so on
2. Physical factors: abnormal pressure, noise, and so on
3. Biological factors: Fungi, bacteria, virus
（二） the hazard factors in the labor process
Unreasonable working arrangement
The occupational stress
Individual organs or systems of excessive tension
abnormal gesture

And so on
（三） the hazard factors in the nature environment
of factory

nature environment
unreasonable layout of the factory building
pollution

And so on
Second: the individual work’s health
（一） bad health ：
the genetic factors
the liver and the kidney diseases
malnutrition
and so on
（二） special physiological state
age
sex
special period physiology
and so on
（三） Bad behavior and habits

and so on
 The occupational adverse effect
included 3 conditions
1. occupational injury
2. occupational disease
3. work-related disease
（一） occupational injury
a lot of factors could cause the occupational injury

imperfect safety system

the unskillful operation
noise, high temperature
fatigue
and so on
 occupational injury

imperfect safety system

unskillful operation

noise

high temperature
 （二） occupational disease
In the medical conception: The occupational hazard destroyed
the organs and systems over the tolerance of the body, the
diseases were named the occupational diseases.

occupational diseases were protected by the laws: Which was

the most important character of the occupational diseases.
the patients should get the compensation. So occupational
diseases were also named compensable diseases in some
countries.
In China, there were 132 diseases. This was the newest
occupational diseases name list.

• Occupational poisoning: 60
• Pneumoconiosis:13
• Other respiratory system diseases:6
• Physical occupational diseases:7
• Occupational infectious disease:5
• Occupational skin diseases:9
• Occupational eyes diseases:3
• Occupational ear nose and throat diseases:4
• Occupational tumor: 11
• Occupational radiation sickness:11
• Others:3
The characters of occupational diseases:

1) The pathogeny was clear

2) The relationship was clear between the dose and response:
3) The aggregation of the patients:
4) Diagnose early, treat early, the ending of the disease would
be well
5) occupational diseases could be prevented.
 The characters of occupational diseases
The pathogeny was clear

only
the occupational hazard occupational disease
direct
gene
salt
smoking hypertension
fat
lack of sport
.... ....
 The characters of occupational diseases
The relationship was clear between the dose and
response
 The characters of occupational diseases
The aggregation of the patients
 The characters of occupational diseases
Diagnose early, treat early, the ending of the disease
would be well
 The characters of occupational diseases

occupational diseases could be prevented

3. The Diagnosis principle of the occupational diseases
1)diagnosis was done in special hospital or government
departments, diagnosis was done by a special group, not
one doctor.
2) The history of occupation: including the time of the
occupation, the type of work and so on
3) Field investigation: the dose of the occupational hazard,
the contact method of the hazard, the protective measures
for the labors, and the rate of diseases in the same working
place, and so on.
4) The symptoms and the signs of the patient:
5) the result of the body examination:
6) diagnostic criteria of the occupational diseases
（三） work-related disease
These diseases were caused by the occupational hazard
as the same as the occupational diseases. But these kinds of
diseases were different from the occupational diseases
greatly.
• the reason was not the single reason for the diseases.
• The reasons developed the rate of the disease or got the
potential diseases show, or got the disease worse.
• Control the occupational hazard, the rate of these diseases
also reduced
 The principle of the prevention of
the occupational diseases
1. Primary prevention ： pathogeny prevention
2. Secondary prevention: find, diagnose, treat the
diseases early.
3. Tertiary prevention: treat the occupational patients
positively ， improve the quality of life. Reduce the
disability , reduce the rate of death
 The introduction
of the occupational poisoning
一、 The main forms of the occupational poison
were 5 in the environment of the production
1. Gas:
2. Steam: liquid evaporation, solid sublimation in the high
temperature.
3. mist: it was the particle of water in the sky. it was from
the steam condensation and the spraying the water.
4. dust: it was the particle of solid in the sky, the diameter
was 0.1-10um
5. smoke: it was the particle of solid in the sky, too, but the
diameter < 0.1 um
二、 the gateway of the body absorption the poison
1. Respiratory tract:
the main tract to absorb the occupational toxic
2. skin:
it was difficult for poison to enter the body through the skin
3. digestive tract
三、 the transformation of the toxic in the
body
（一） the distribution of the toxic
toxic distributed in the body unevenly according to the
affinity for different organs
（二） the transformation of the toxic
the toxic was changed into another material by the
enzyme, the structure of the material was changed
（三） excretion
1. kidney: the most important excretion organ
2. the digestive tract:
3. respiratory tract:
4. and so on: milk, saliva, sweat and so on
（四） accumulation
because of the accumulation, the chronic poisoning would
happen

Repository:
some of the toxic accumulated in an organ, but the organ was not
the target that the toxic harm to. we called this kind of organ repository.
四 . the poisoning type:
1. acute poisoning: one time, a large number of toxic entered the
body, the poisoning happened in a short time.
2. chronic poisoning: the toxic entered the body slowly, it spent a
long time to accumulate to harm to the body.
3. subacute poisoning: the time between the acute and the chronic
poisoning.
4. delayed poisoning: when the workers were contacting the toxic,
the poisoning did not happened, after withdraw from the work, the
symptom and the signs of the diseases appeared.
5. the absorption of the toxic: the observation objects. without the
poisoning symptoms and the signs, but the test result of the blood or
the urine showed the toxic content was over the normal person.
五、 the symptoms of the occupational poisoning
1. nerve system: headache, Insomnia, the memory loss and so on
2. respiratory system: inflammation, pulmonary edema, pneumonia and so
on
3. digestive system: Gastrointestinal inflammation, indigestion, loss of
appetite and so on
4. urinary system:
5. blood system:
6. skin:
7. cardiovascular system:
8. reproductive system:
9. and so on: cancer, eyes damage, bone damage and so on
 The questions:
1. What was the occupational hazard? And
what kinds of the occupational hazard?
2. What was the occupational adverse effect?
And what kinds of the occupational adverse
effect?
3. What was the characters of occupational
diseases?
4. What was the diagnosis principle of the
occupational diseases?
 The questions
5. What difference between the occupational
diseases and the work-related diseases?
6. What was the principle of the prevention of
the occupational diseases?
7. What were the main forms of the
occupational poison in the environment of the
production?