CHAPTER 2 CELL

AS THE BASIC
UNIT OF LIFE
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 2.1 Cell -
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Structure,
Function and
Organisation
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CELL

 Living things
are composed
of basic
units called
cells.
 Robert
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Hooke

 In 1665, an English scientist

named Robert
Hooke invented a simple
microscope
to observe a piece of cork.
 He saw lots of small box-
shaped structures
within the cork.
 Therefore, he named the
structures as cells
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CELL DIVISION

 Cells undergo division process

to form new cells and replace
damaged cells.
 One individual cell becomes
two cells and so on.
 Cells carry out all life’s
functions such as growth,
respiration, reproduction and
excretion
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CANCER CELL
 In controlled
conditions, cells divide
normally.

 Cancer occurs when

normal cells divide
continuously without
control.

 Figure 2.2 shows three

stages of cancerous https://www.cancercenter.com/what-is-cancer

cell development.
CANCER CELL
ANIMAL
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CELLS

Function of
Structure in
Animal
z Cells and
Plant Cells
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Control the flow of materials in and out of the cells

CELL MEMBRANE
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Produve energy for reactions.

MITOCHONDRIA
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Act as a medium where chemical reactions occur.

CYTOPLASM
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NUCLEUS

 Control all activities in

the cell.
 Contains chromosomes
consisting of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) that caries
genetic information.
PLANT
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CELLS

Function of
Structure in
Animal
Cells and
Plant Cells
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Produce energy for reactions.

MITOCHONDRIA
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CYTOPLASM

Act as medium
where chemical
reactions occur.
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Control the movement of materials in and out of the

cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
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NUCLEUS

 Control all activities in the

cell.
 Contains chromosomes
consisting of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) that caries genetic
information.
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Absorbs light energy for the process of

photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLAST
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Provide support to cells when filled with cell sap .

VACUOLE
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CELL WALL

 Provide
support,
protection, and
fixed shape to
the cell
z Unicellular and
Multicellular Organisms
 Unicellular organisms (“uni” means
one) are organisms that consist of only
one cell
 Multicellular organisms (“multi” means
many) are organisms that consist of
more than one cell.
 Even though unicellular organisms
consist of only one cell, the organisms
can
carry out all the processes of life such
as growth and reproduction.
 UNICELLULAR
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ORGANISM

 Unicellular organisms in the

animal kingdom are Amoeba and
Paramecium that live in watery areas.
 Euglena has the characteristics
of both plants and animals.
Euglena can make its own food
using sunlight like plants and
move like animals
 A unicellular organism in the plant
kingdom is Chlamydomonas.
z MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM

 Consist of
many cells.
 Example :
mucor,
spirogyra and
hydra
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The Types and
Functions of Animal
Cells and Plant Cells
 Epithelium cells

 Nerve cells

 Red blood cells

 Muscle cells

 White blood cells

 Reproductive cells
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NERVE CELLS

 Contain long fibres

that function
to carry information in
the form
of impulse to all parts
of the body.
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EPITHELIUM
CELLS
 Form a layer that
protects organs
in the body. These
cells also secrete
mucus
RED BLOOD
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CELLS

 Have no nucleus.

 Biconcave disc shaped to

increase surface area
 Contain haemoglobin that
functions to transport
oxygen to all parts of the
body.
 Transport carbon dioxide
from cells in all parts of the
body to the lungs.
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MUSCLE
CELLS

 Contract and
relax muscles
to enable
movement
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WHITE BLOOD
CELLS

 Change their form

to surround foreign
particles
and destroy them.
z REPRODUCTIVE
CELLS

 Sperms carry male

genetic materials
and an ovum
carries female
genetic materials.
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PLANT
CELLS

 Epidermis cell

 Palisade cells

 Guard cells

 Root hair cells

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EPIDERMIS
CELLS

 Function to reduce
water loss, allow
gaseous exchange
and absorption of
water and nutrient.
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PALISADE
CELLS

 Contain chlorophyll to
absorb sunlight
to carry out
photosynthesis.
z GUARD CELLS
 Guard cells control the opening
and closing of stoma.
 A stoma is a small pore between
the guard cells.
 The stoma is usually open during
the day to carry out
photosynthesis.
 The stoma is closed at night or
when the plant loses a lot of
water on a hot day
ROOT
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HAIR CELLS

 Root hair cells increase

the surface area to
absorb more water and
nutrient from the soil
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The Formation of
an Organism
 A group of cells with specific
functions combine to form a
tissue.
 A group of tissues combine to
form an organ.
 A group of organs combine to
form a system.
 Various systems combine to form
an organism.
 The cell organisation of forming
multicellular organisms
 SYSTEM
z IN THE HUMAN BODY
 There are various systems that
carry out important functions
inside the human body.
 Each system consists of a few
organs that work together to
carry out a specific function.
 The various functions of all
systems must be coordinated
so that the human body can
carry
out all life processes or
activities effectively.
 EXCRETORY
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SYSTEM

 Removes excretory
waste from the body
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SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 Supports the body and
protects the inner
organs such as the
lung and heart.
 LYMPHATIC
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SYSTEM

 Drains lymphatic fluid

into blood vessels to
protect the body from
infections of bacteria,
virus and others.
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DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

 Breaks down complex food

into simpler form so that it
is more easily absorbed by
the body
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MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
 Helps in the movements
of the body and inner
organs.
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INTERGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

Protects the body from

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dehydration and regulates
body temperature.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Carries information from the

brain to the entire body in
the form of impulse.
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BLOOD
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 Carries oxygen,
nutrients and
hormones to all parts
of the body
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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

 Absorbs oxygen and

releases carbon
dioxide from the
body.
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ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM

z Produces hormones
required to coordinate
reactions in the body
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REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Produces sperms and
ovum to produce
offspring.
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 2.2 CELL
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RESPIRATION
AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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RESPIRATION
 Respiration can be divided into
external respiration (breathing) and
internal
respiration (cell respiration).
 Breathing involves exchange of gases
between the organism and
environment whereas cell respiration
is the oxidation process and break
down of glucose that occur inside
living cells to release energy
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CELL RESPIRATION

 Cell respiration is the process of breaking down food to

release energy.
 The energy released will be used for all life processes that
occur inside the body.
 Cell respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce
energy, carbon dioxide and water
z PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis.

 Food made by plants is kept in

the
form of glucose known as
starch.

 Therefore, the presence of

starch in leaves shows the
occurrence of photosynthesis.

 Light energy, carbon dioxide,

water and chlorophyll are
needed for photosynthesis.
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 CELLz RESPIRATION AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 The processes of cell respiration and
photosynthesis complement each
other.
 During cell respiration, oxygen is
absorbed and carbon dioxide is
released.
 Released carbon dioxide will be used
by plants to carry out photosynthesis.
 On the other hand, photosynthesis
produces oxygen that is needed by all
organisms for cell respiration.
 TAMAT
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