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SOME BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
CHEMISTRY

KINSHUK MALIK
BACHELORS IN CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
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CHEMISTRY: A STUDY OF
MATTER
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WHAT ARE ITS APPLICATIONS?

 INDUSTRIES
 AGRICULTURE
 MEDICINE
 FOOD
 DOMESTIC USES
 TRANSPORTATION
 WARFARE etc.
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What is “MATTER”?
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MATTER: PHYSICAL BASIS

MATTE
R

SOLID LIQUID GAS

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CLASSIFICATION OF
MATTER: CHEMICAL BASIS

MATTER

PURE
MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENOUS

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FURTHER CLASSIFICATION

HETEROGENOU
ELEMENTS
S MIXTURES

METALS COLLOIDS

NON
SUSPENSION
METALS

METALLIOD
S
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QUANTITIES AND UNITS: A
WAY TO DEFINE MATTER

 MASS: g, Kg etc.
 VOLUME: L, mL
 TEMPEATURE : KELVIN(K), ° C, ° F
 DENSITY
 PRESSURE
 MELTING AND BOILING POINT etc .
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Laws of Chemical combination

 Law of mass conservation

 Law of definite proportions
 Law of multiple proportions
 Law of reciprocal proportions
 Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes
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LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
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Example:
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LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION

A pure chemical compound always contains same

elements combined together in a definite
proportion by mass. This law was given by
Joseph Proust.

Eg:- water may be taken from any source(rain,

river, tap, lake, sea or ocean) will always contain
h and o in a ration of 1:8 by mass
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LAW OF MULTIPLE
PROPORTIONS

 When two elements combine to form two or more

than two compounds, then the masses of one of the
elements which combines with a fixed mass of other
are in a simple whole number ratio.
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Example 1:
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Example 2:
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LAW OF RECIPROCAL
PROPORTIONS

 When two different elements combine separately

with the same weight of a third element, the
ration in which they do so will be the same or
some simple multiple of the ratio in which they
combine with each other.
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Example:-
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LAW OF COMBINING VALUES

 At constant temperature and pressure, whenever

gases react together, the volumes of the reacting
gases as well as the products (gases) bear a
simple whole number ratio
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Example:
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DALTON ATOMIC THEORY

 (i) Matter is made up of extremely small indivisible and

indestructible ultimate particles called atoms.
 (ii) Atoms of the same element are identical in all
respects i.e. in shape, size, mass and chemical properties.
 (iii) Atoms of different elements are different in all
respects and have different masses and chemical
properties
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 Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical

combinations.
 Atoms of two or more elements combine in a fixed ratio to
form compound atoms (nowadays called molecules).
 Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed during any
physical or chemical change.
 Chemical reactions involve only combination, separation
or rearrangement of atoms.
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AVOGADRO’s HYPOTHESIS
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