CHAPTER 14

Solutions
 The Dissolution Process
 Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances
 Dissolving medium is called the solvent
 Dissolved species are called the solute
 Upon dissolution, solute molecules are
surrounded (solvated) by solvent molecules
 Solvent molecules have to rearrange
around solute molecules
H2O
NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
 Dissolution of Ionic Salts
 Forces to overcome (energy loss):
 Cation-anion electrostatic attraction
 Attractive forces between solvent
molecules
 Energy gain:
 Solvent-cation and solvent-anion
electrostatic attractions
 Increased disorder
 If energy gain exceeds energy loss,
the compound is soluble
Colligative Properties of Solutions

 When solute is introduced into the volume

of solvent, the solvent properties change
 Colligative properties are properties of
solutions that depend solely on the number
of particles dissolved in the solution

 We will look at three types of

colligative properties of solutions:
 Vapor pressure lowering
 Freezing point depression
 Boiling point elevation
 Raoult’s Law
 Rearrangement of solvent molecules and new
solvent-solute interactions affect the vapor
pressure of the solvent – it becomes lower
 Raoult’s Law:
 The vapor pressure (P ) of a solvent in an ideal
solution is directly proportional to the mole
fraction (X ) of the solvent in the solution

Psolvent = Xsolvent  P 0solvent

(P 0 – vapor pressure of the pure solvent)

 This is true only for non-volatile non-ionizing

solutes at low solute concentrations
 Mole Fraction
 For the mixture of components A, B, C, …
# moles of A
XA 
# moles A  # moles B  # moles C  ...
# moles of B
XB 
# moles A  # moles B  # moles C  ...
# moles of C
XC 
# moles A  # moles B  # moles C  ...

 Xi 1
 Mole Fraction: Example
 What are the mole fractions of glucose (C6H12O6)
and water in a 10.0% glucose solution?
 Mole Fraction
# moles of A
XA 
# moles of all components

 If a solution contains only one type of solute A

# moles of A
XA 
# moles of A  # moles of solvent
# moles of solvent
X solvent 
# moles of A  # moles of solvent

X A  X solvent  1
 Raoult’s Law
 P 0 – the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
Psolvent – the vapor pressure of the solvent
over the solution of compound A:
Psolvent = Xsolvent  P 0solvent
Psolvent = (1–XA)  P 0solvent

 The vapor pressure lowering:

Psolvent = P 0solvent – Psolvent

Psolvent = XA  P 0solvent
 Raoult’s Law
Psolvent = (1–XA)  P 0solvent
 Raoult’s Law: Example
 Determine the vapor pressure lowering
for the 10.0% glucose solution?
 Molality
 In Chapter 3 we introduced two
important concentration units:

mass of solute
% by mass =  100%
mass of solution
# moles of solute
Molarity =
volume of solution in liters
 Now we introduce
another unit - molality
 Molality
 Molality (m) – the number of moles
of solute per kilogram of solvent

# moles of solute
m
mass of solvent in kg

 Boiling point elevation and

freezing point depression
are calculated based on
this unit of concentration
 Molality: Example 1
 Calculate the molality of a 10.0%
aqueous solution of glucose, C6H12O6
 Molality: Example 2
 10 g of NaOH was dissolved in 250 mL of water.
What is the molality of the obtained solution?
 Boiling Point Elevation
 According to Raoult’s law, addition of a solute
lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent:
 Boiling Point Elevation
 The boiling temperature elevation is
determined by the number of moles
of solute dissolved in the solution:

Tb = Kbm
 Tb – the change in boiling point
 Kb – boiling point elevation constant
(depends only on the nature of solvent)
 m – molality of the solution
 Freezing Point Depression
 Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a
solution lowers the freezing point of the
solution relative to the pure solvent

Tf = Kfm
 Tf – the change in freezing point
 Kf – freezing point depression constant
(depends only on the nature of solvent)
 m – molality of the solution
 Example 1
 Calculate the freezing and boiling points of
a solution that contains 8.50 g of benzoic acid
(C6H5COOH) in 75.0 g of benzene, C6H6
 Example 2
 3.75 g of a nonvolatile compound was dissolved
in 108.7 g of acetone. The solution boiled at
56.58°C. The boiling point of pure acetone is
55.95°C and Kb = 1.71°C/m. Calculate the
molecular weight of the compound.
Example 2 (continued)
 Assignments & Reminders
 Read Sections 14-8, 14-9, 14-11, 14-12 & 14-13
 Homework #8 is due by 12/07 @ 9:00 p.m.
 Review Sessions:
 Sunday – 5:15-8:00 p.m. in 100 Held
 Wednesday – 5:15-8:00 p.m. in 100 Held

 Final Exam:
 Friday – 3:00-5:00 p.m.
in 100 Held