CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
(BLOOD TRANSPORT)

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INTRODUCTION
 The
cardiovascular system consists of heart
and blood vessels
 Sends blood to
 Lungs for oxygen
 Digestive system for nutrients

 CV system also circulates waste products to

certain organ systems for removal from the
blood

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES
 Cone-shaped organ
about the size of a loose
fist
 In the mediastinum
 Extends from the level
of the second rib to
about the level of the
sixth rib
 Slightly left of the
midline
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THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)

 Heart is bordered:
 Laterally by the lungs
 Posteriorly by the vertebral
column
 Anteriorly by the sternum

 Rests on the diaphragm

inferiorly

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
THE HEART: STRUCTURES
(CONT.)
 Heart coverings  Heart walls:
 Pericardium  Epicardium
 Covers the heart and large  Outermost layer
blood vessels attached to  Fat to cushion heart

the heart
 Visceral pericardium
 Myocardium
 Middle layer
 Innermost layer  Primarily cardiac muscle

 Directly on the heart

 Parietal
 Endocardium
pericardium  Innermost layer
 Layer on top of the  Thin and smooth
visceral pericardium  Stretches as the heart pumps

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PERICARDIUM

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THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)
 Four chambers
 Two atria Two ventricles
Upper chambers Lower chambers
Left and right
Left and right
Separated by
Separated by
interatrial septum interventricular
septum

 Atrioventricular septum separates the atria

from the ventricles

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 27-11

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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
THE HEART: STRUCTURES (CONT.)

 Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back

into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
 Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
 Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back
into the right ventricle
 Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into
the left ventricle

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
THE HEART: CARDIAC CYCLE
 One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle
 Atria contract and relax
 Ventricles contract and relax

 Right atrium contracts

 Tricuspid valve opens
 Left atrium contracts
 Blood fills right ventricle
 Bicuspid valve opens
 Blood fills left ventricle
 Right ventricle contracts
 Tricuspid valve closes
 Left ventricle contracts
 Pulmonary semilunar valve  Bicuspid valve closes
opens  Aortic semilunar valve opens
 Blood flows into pulmonary  Blood pushed into aorta
artery

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THE HEART: CARDIAC CYCLE (CONT.)
 Influenced by
Exercise
Parasympathetic nerves
Sympathetic nerves
Cardiac control center
Body temperature
Potassium ions
Calcium ions

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THE HEART: HEART SOUNDS
 One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when
valves in the heart snap shut
 Lubb – First sound
 When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap
shut
 Dubb – Second sound
 When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap
shut

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

THE HEART: CARDIAC CONDUCTION
SYSTEM
 Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart

 Sinoatrial node (SA node)

 Wall of right atrium
 Generates impulse
 Natural pacemaker
 Sends impulse to AV node

 Atrioventricular node (AV node)

 Between atria just above ventricles
 Atria contract
 Sends impulse to the bundle of His

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Match the following: ANSWER:

__
C Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers

__
F Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta
__
B Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

__
E SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles

__
A Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker
__ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
D

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BLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES

Arterioles
 Strongest of the
Small branches of
blood vessels
arteries
 Carry blood away  Aorta
from the heart Takes blood from the
 Pressure heart to the body
 Vasoconstriction  Coronary arteries
Supply blood to heart
 Vasodilation
muscle

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
BLOOD VESSELS: VEINS AND
VENULES
 Blood under no pressure in
veins
 Does not move very easily
 Skeletal muscle contractions
help move blood
 Sympathetic nervous system
also influences pressure
 Valves prevent backflow
 Venules
 Small vessels formed when
capillaries merge
 Superior and inferior vena
cava
 Largest veins
 Carry blood into right atrium
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 27-25

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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
BLOOD VESSELS: CAPILLARIES
 Branches of arterioles
 Smallest type of blood vessel
 Connect arterioles to venules
 Only about one cell layer thick
 Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a
body cell
 Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a
body cell into a capillary

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved