UNIT V

HAZARD AND RISK MANAGEMENT

Factory Act and Rules, Fundamentals of Accident

Prevention, Elements of Safety Programme and
Safety Management

Presented by, Submitted to

Manikandan V, Dr. G. Sivakamasundari, M. Pharm., Ph. D.,

2061050002, Assistant Professor,
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance), Department of Pharmacy,
Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University.
Annamalai University.
FACTORY ACT AND RULES:
There has been rise of large scale factory/ industry in India in the
later half of nineteenth century. Major Moore, Inspector-in- Chief of the
Bombay Cotton Department, in his Report in 1872-73 first of all raised
the question for the provision of legislation to regulate the working
condition in factories; the first Factories act was enacted in 1881.
Since then the act has been amended on many occasions. The
Factories Act 1934 was passed replacing all the previous legislation in
regard to factories. This act was drafted in the light of the
recommendations of the Royal Commission on Labour. This Act has also
been amended suitably from time to time.
 The experience of working of the Factories Act, 1934 had revealed a
number of defects and weakness which have hampered effective
administration of the Act, and the need for wholesale revision of the act to
extend its protective provisions to the large number of smaller industrial
establishments was felt.
Therefore, the Factories Act, 1948 consolidating and amending the law
relating to labour in factories, was passed by the Constituent Assembly on
August 28, 1948. The Act received the assent of Governor General of India
on 23 September 1948 and came into force on April 1, 1949.
Objective of Factories Act, 1948
The main objectives of the Indian Factories Act, 1948are to regulate the
working conditions in factories, to regulate health, safety welfare, and
annual leave and enact special provision in respect of young persons,
women and children who work in the factories.

 Working Hours
According to the provision of working hours of adults, no adult worker
shall be required or allowed to work in a factory for more than 48 hours in a
week. There should be a weekly holiday.
 Health
For protecting the health of workers, the Act lays down that every factory
shall be kept clean and all necessary precautions shall be taken in this regard.
The factories should have proper drainage system, adequate lighting,
ventilation, temperature etc.
Adequate arrangements for drinking water should be made. Sufficient
latrine and urinals should be provided at convenient places. These should be
easily accessible workers and must be kept cleaned.
 Safety
In order to provide safety to the workers, the Act provides that the
machinery should be fenced, no young person shall work at any dangerous
machine, in confined spaces, there should be provision for manholes of
adequate size so that in case of emergency the workers can escape.
 Welfare
For the welfare of the workers, the Act provides that in every factory
adequate and suitable facilities for washing should be provided and
maintained for the use of workers. Facilities for storing and drying clothing,
facilities for sitting, first-aid appliances, shelters, rest rooms and lunch
rooms, craches, should be there.
 Penalties
The provisions of The Factories Act, 1948, or any rules made under the Act,
or any order given in writing under the Act is violated, it is treated as an
offence. The following penalties can be imposed;
 Imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year;
 Fine which may extend to one lakh rupees; or
 Both fine and imprisonment.
Applicability of Factories Act, 1948
The Act is applicable to any factory whereon ten or more workers are
working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and in
any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on with the aid of
power, or is ordinarily so carried on, or whereon twenty or more workers are
working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and in
any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on without the
aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on; but this does not include a mine,
or a mobile unit belonging to the armed forces of the union, a railway
running shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating place.
Importance of Factories Act, 1948
The Factories Act, 1948 is a beneficial legislation. The aim and object
of the Act is essentially to safeguard the interests of workers, stop their
exploitation and take care of their safety, hygiene and welfare at their
places of work. It casts various obligations, duties and responsibilities on
the occupier of a factory and also on the factory manager. Amendments to
the Act and court decisions have further extended the nature and scope of
the concept of occupier, especially vis-a-vis hazardous processes in
factories.
Duties of Factory Manager (Rules)
The Duties of Factory Manager are mentioned in the following Sections
of Factory Act, 1948.

 Right of Workers to be warned about imminent danger. (Section 41-H)

It shall be the duty of such occupier, agent, manager or the person in
charge of the factory or process to take immediate remedial action if he is
satisfied about the existence of such imminent danger in the factory where
the worker is engaged in any hazardous process and send a report forthwith
of the action taken to the nearest Inspector
 Notice of periods of work for adults. (Section 61)
The manager of the factory shall display correctly and maintained in
every factory in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2) of section
108, a notice of periods of work for adults, showing clearly for every day
the periods during which adult workers may be required to work, fix the
periods during which each relay of the group may be required to work,
classify them into groups according to the nature of their work indicating
the number of workers in each group, shall draw up a scheme of shifts
where under the periods during which any relay of the group may be
required to work.
 Register of Adult Workers. (Section 62)
The manager of every factory shall maintain a register of adult workers,
to be available to the Inspector at all times during working hours, or when
any work is being carried on in the factory.
In State of Maharashtra V. Sampat Lal Mensukh Bothra (1992),it was
held that the obligation to maintain registers is imposed on the manager
 Annual Leave with Wage. (Section 79)
For the purpose of ensuring the continuity of work, the occupier or
manager of the factory, in agreement with the Works Committee of the
factory constituted under section 3 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of
1947), or a similar Committee constituted under any other Act or if there is
no such Works Committee or a similar Committee in the factory, in
agreement with the representatives of the workers therein chosen in the
prescribed manner, may lodge with the Chief Inspector a scheme in writing
whereby the grant of leave allowable under this section may be regulated.
 Notice of Certain Dangerous Occurrences. (Section 88A)
Notice of certain dangerous occurrences. Where in a factory any
dangerous occurrence of such nature as may be prescribed occurs, whether
causing any bodily injury or disability or not, the manager of the factory
shall send notice thereof to such authorities, and in such form and within
such time, as may be prescribed.
 Notice of Certain Disease. (Section 89)
Where any worker in a factory contracts any disease specified in 1[the
Third Schedule], the manager of the factory shall send notice thereof to such
authorities, and in such form and within such time, as may be prescribed.
 Safety and Occupational Health Survey. (Section 91-A)
The occupier or manager of the factory or any other person who for the
time being purports to be in charge of the factory, undertake safety and
occupational health surveys, and such occupier or manager or other person
shall afford all facilities for such every, including facilities for the
examination and testing of plant and machinery and collection of samples
and other data relevant to the survey.
 Notice of Certain Accidents. (Section 88)
Where in any factory an accident occurs which causes death, or which
causes any bodily injury by reason of which the person injured is prevented
from working for a period of forty-eight hours or more immediately
following the accident, or which is of such nature as may be prescribed in
this behalf, the manager of the factory shall send notice thereof to such
authorities, and in such form and within such time, as may be prescribed to
the Chief Inspector.
Penalties under factory act, 1948
 Section 92. General penalty for offences:
Save as is otherwise expressly provided in this Act and subject to the
provisions of section 93, if in, or in respect of, any factory there is any
contravention of the provisions of this Act or of any rules made there under
or of any order in writing given there under, the occupier or manager of the
factory shall each be guilty of an offence and punishable with imprisonment
for a term which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to
one lakh rupees or with both, and if the contravention is continued after
conviction, with as further fine which may extend to one thousand rupees
for each day on which the contravention is so continued.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION:
Definitions of following things;
 Incident – An incident is an undesirable occurrence that could, but
usually does not, result in a loss.
 Accident – An accident is an unplanned, unforeseen and undesirable
occurrence which interrupts a normal activity and which result in either
an injury, loss of life, damage to material, equipment or facility or any
combination of these.
 Preventable Accident – An accident that occurred as a result of an act
or failure to act on the part of an employee or the management or both.
 Unpreventable Accident – An accident which no act whatsoever on
the part of the employee could have prevented the injury or damages to
vehicle, equipment or property.
 
 Unsafe Act – Any act on the part of a person which increased his or her
chances of having an accident.
 Unsafe Condition – A condition within the working environment which
increases the worker’s chances of having an accident, or which may
cause impairment of health.
 Hazard – Any arrangement, equipment, material, object, condition,
method or procedure capable of causing bodily harm or impairment of
health or both.
 Basic Activities
Successful accident prevention requires a minimum of four
fundamental activities
 A study of all working areas to detect and eliminate or control
physical hazards which contribute to accidents.
 A study of all operating methods and practices.
 Education, instruction, training and discipline to minimize
human factors which contribute to accidents.
 Thorough investigations of accidents to determine contributing
circumstances.
 
Most Accidents are Preventable
 Many persons, either through ignorance or misunderstanding,
unfortunately believe that accidents are the inevitable results of
unchangeable circumstances, fate or a matter of luck.
 It must be emphasized that accidents do not happen without
cause, and the identification, isolation and control of these
“causes” are the underlying principles of all accident prevention
techniques.
 No person in a supervisory position can be effective in his job of
accident prevention unless he/she fully believes that accidents can
be prevented and constantly strives to do so.
Typical Unsafe Acts
The majority of unsafe acts of persons may be assigned to one or
more of the following classifications:
 Failure to follow instructions or a proper job procedure.
 Cleaning, oiling, adjusting or repairing equipment that is moving,
electrically energized or pressurized.
 Failure to use available personal protective equipment such as
gloves, goggles, hard hats.
 Failure to wear safe personal attire.
 Failure to secure or warn.
 Improper use of equipment.
 Improper use of hands or body parts.
 Making safety devices inoperative.
 Operating or working at unsafe speeds.
 Taking unsafe position or posture.
 Unsafe placing, mixing, combining.
 Using tools or equipment known to be unsafe.
 Clowning.
 Horseplay.
Control of Accident Causes
There are four main methods utilized in the control of accident
causes. They are (1) engineering; (2) education and training; (3)
enforcement; (4) enthusiasm. These four methods sometimes referred
to as safety, area as outlined below.
 Engineering
Environmental causes of accidents, or unsafe conditions, can be
eliminated through the application of engineering principles. When an
operation is mechanically and physically safe, it is unnecessary to be
as concerned about the uncertain behavior (unsafe acts) of people.
Machines are less apt to fail than men. It may be necessary to make
mechanical revisions or modifications to eliminate existing unsafe
conditions and, in some cases, to prevent unsafe acts.
 Education and Training
Just as safety engineering is the most effective way of
preventing environmental accident causes (unsafe conditions), safety
education is the most effective tool in the prevention of human causes
(unsafe acts). Through adequate instruction, personnel gain useful
knowledge and develop safe attitudes.
Safety consciousness developed in personnel through
education will be supplemented and broadened by specific additional
instructions in safe working habits, practices and skills.
Training is a particularly important accident prevention
control; it gives each man a personal safety tool by development in him
habits of safe practice and operation.
 Enforcement
Usually accidents can be prevented through adequate safety
engineering and education. However, there are some people who are a
hazard to themselves and others because of their failure to comply with
accepted safety standards. It is these persons for whom the strict
enforcement of safety practices is necessary, backed by prompt corrective
action.
No organized accident prevention effort can be successful
without effective enforcement because accidents are frequently the direct
result of violations of safety principles. This is particularly true of vehicle
accidents, many of which are caused by unsafe acts which constitute traffic
law violations.
 Enthusiasm
Can be effective to a good degree in prevention of accidents.
When we say one is enthusiastic about preventing accidents to himself or
his co-workers, we mean that he/she does all within his endeavor as a
human being to prevent the creation of an unsafe condition; corrects or
reports an unsafe act or a hazard; uses the right tool for the job; uses the
personal protective equipment provided for his job and works safely
unsupervised.
An enthusiastic motorist would give up his right of way to an
irate driver who insists on grabbing it. Enthusiasm about safety or
accident prevention could be an inborn attitude and perhaps has ancestral
origin. It is something that comes out of one’s free will and no coercion
whatsoever.
ELEMENTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A safety management system combines all the different elements in your

workplace that need attention to ensure you provide a safe working
environment for everyone who enters it.

Safety management systems make health and safety an integral part of

your business’s core operations. By designing, developing and implementing
an effective safety management system, you will have methods for managing
reporting, responsibilities, planning and resourcing to create a safer
workplace.
Safety management systems have six elements:

 A safety plan

 Policies, procedures and processes.

 Training and induction.

 Monitoring.

 Supervision.

 Reporting.
 Safety plan

A safety plan is a strategic action plan that forms part of the business
plan. It analyses the current and prospective risk for a company and
charts how the risks will be eradicated and controlled over a calendar
period (the safety plan must have a budget).

This plan will ensure that there is a governance structure within your
company that ensures every worker clearly understands their safety
obligations (and how to comply) and is accountable to carry out those
obligations.
 Policies, procedures and processes

Policies, procedures and processes include all safety paper

infrastructures within your company. This paperwork will describe all safety
behavior, expectations, record-keeping, incident reporting, and incident
notification documentation.

 Training and induction

Depending on the nature of your workplace (whether it is low-risk or

high-risk), everyone who enters your workplace should receive training and
induction on: The rules of your company; The rules of the site; and The
rules of the location they are visiting. The training content will depend on
the level of risk the person is exposed to.
 Monitoring

Your obligations to monitor your workplace depend on circumstances

and need. Always consider the level of risk. The higher the risk, the more
frequent and detailed the monitoring needs to be. Other times when
monitoring will be necessary include:

 To ensure that all risk has been covered by a new risk assessment that
has been carried out due to a change in process, e.g. the installation of
new workstations.

 When an investigation takes place following an incident.

 Supervision

The only way to ensure your workers are carrying out their safety
obligations is to have adequate supervision. The level of supervision
required in your workplace will increase if the level of safety control put in
place to reduce a risk is low, i.e. the less effective the control measure used,
the higher the level of supervision necessary.

 Reporting

The governance structure of your company needs safety reporting at all

levels, not just at board level. Your workers need to know what safety looks
like – what’s going right and what’s going wrong. This can only occur when
they receive safety feedback from you, e.g. how many hazards identification,
the risk levels associated with those hazards and what control measures were
implemented.
THANK YOU