UNDERSTANDING

RESEARCH
PROCESS

Reference:
Research Methods: Structuring Inquiries
and Empirical Investigations
Objectives:
• What research is
• Paradigm of the research process
• Research skills
• Ethical Issues in conducting research
• Research Process
• Frameworks of Research
• Layout in Thesis Writing, and
• How to write the “Statement of the Problem” Reference:
Research Methods: Structuring Inquiries
and Empirical Investigations
Research – is a careful or diligent search, inquiry or examination
especially investigation or experimentation aimed at (1) the discovery and
interpretation of facts, (2) revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of
new facts, (3) and practical application of such new revised theories or laws.
Paradigm of Research Process
Research
General Based on
Process Testing
Principles
Inquiry and
Theoretical Investigation Empirical
Pole Pole

The empirical pole contains the

basic elements of what is actually
The theoretical pole consists largely happening in reality.
of the researchers speculation regarding reality.
 Two approaches in conducting research
Using an inductive approach, you
gather all the evidence, information
and data available and then you
formulate a generalization.

Research
General Based on
Process Testing
Principles
Inquiry and
Theoretical Investigation Empirical
Pole Pole
Using a deductive approach, you make
some prediction based on evidence, and
you test that prediction
The basic skills required to conduct
research:
1. The ability to generate ideas for
research topic.
2. The ability to identify source and use
of appropriate literature
3. The ability to gather and analyze data,
and
4. The ability to write well.
 Ethical Considerations in Research
Honesty and Objectivity
Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications. Honestly report
data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data. Do not deceive
colleagues, research sponsors, or the
public.
 THE
RESEARCH
PROCESS
 Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods

Basic Characteristics of Research

• Logical and Systematic
• Replicability
• Cyclical
 Clustering of Research Process
Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods

The conceptual framework is contained in the research statement

The theoretical framework is contained in the literature review
 Clustering of Research Process
Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

Complete write-up
THE
Select methodology
of thesis/report RESEARCH
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection methods

The conceptual framework is contained in the research statement

The theoretical framework is contained in the literature review
The methodological framework details how the research will be conducted
The Four Frameworks of Research
Conceptual framework

Theoretical framework Methodological Analytical framework

framework
 Conceptual framework

Theoretical framework Methodological framework Analytical framework

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

Complete write-up
THE
Select methodology
of thesis/report RESEARCH
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection methods
What are the sub clusters for each
framework? The Conceptual
framework

The Theoretical The Methodological The Analytical

framework framework framework

APA FORMAT/STYLE
American Psychological Association
www.apa.org
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
APA FORMAT/STYLE
List of Figures
American Psychological Association
www.apa.org
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
APA FORMAT/STYLE
List of Figures
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE American Psychological Association
Introduction www.apa.org
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: METHOD
Methodology
Research Design
Research Setting APA FORMAT/STYLE
Respondents of the Study
American Psychological Association
Data Gathering Procedures
Data Gathering Instruments www.apa.org
Statistical Treatment
Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA

Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
APA FORMAT/STYLE
List of Figures
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE American Psychological Association
Introduction www.apa.org
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
 APA FORMAT/STYLE
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
American Psychological Association
Introduction
Review of Related Literature www.apa.org
Related Readings
Related Literature Theoretical Framework
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
 APA FORMAT/STYLE
Chapter 2: METHOD American Psychological Association
Methodology www.apa.org
Research Design
Research Setting
Respondents of the Study Methodological Framework
Data Gathering Procedures
Data Gathering Instruments
Statistical Treatment
 APA FORMAT/STYLE
American Psychological Association
www.apa.org
Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Analytical Framework
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
References
Appendices
Title page Title page
Dedication Dedication
Acknowledgment Acknowledgment
Abstract Abstract
Table of Contents Table of Contents
List of Tables List of Tables
List of Figures List of Figures

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Introduction
Review of Related Literature Related Readings
Related Readings Related Literature
Related Literature Related Studies
Related Studies Synthesis and Justification
Synthesis and Justification Chapter 3: TITLE OF A MAJOR ASPECT OF STUDY
Theoretical Framework
Abstract
Conceptual Framework
Introduction
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Methodology
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Significance of the Study
Conceptual Framework
Scope and Limitations
Statement of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: METHOD
Methodology Research Design
Research Design Research Setting
Research Setting Respondents of the Study
Respondents of the Study Data Gathering Procedures
Data Gathering Procedures Data Gathering Instruments
Data Gathering Instruments Statistical Treatment
Statistical Treatment Results and Discussions
Conclusion
Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND References
INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
Chapter 4: CONCLUSION
Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
Conclusions References
Recommendations
Appendices
References
Appendices
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Chapter 2: METHOD
Introduction Methodology
Review of Related Literature Research Design
Related Readings Research Setting
Related Literature Respondents of the Study
Related Studies Data Gathering Procedures
Synthesis and Justification Data Gathering Instruments
Theoretical Framework Statistical Treatment
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms

Research Proposal
Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA

Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations

References

Appendices
 APA FORMAT/STYLE
American Psychological Association
www.apa.org

• Justified to the left and right

• Beginning of each paragraph should
be indented 5 - 7 spaces
• One inch margin on both sides
• Use Times New Roman
• 12 pt font size, and
• Double spaced
• Is there any word count?
 Layout
of the
Research
Write-Up
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables Statement of the Problem – is an
List of Figures
intellectual stimulus that calls for an
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A organized response in the form of
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
scientific inquiry and should express a
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
relationship between two or more
Related Readings variables.
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study https://www.nap.edu/read/4962/chapter/8
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment Statement of the Problem – is an
Abstract
Table of Contents intellectual stimulus that calls for an
List of Tables
List of Figures
organized response in the form of
scientific inquiry and should express a
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE relationship between two or more
Introduction variables.
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings
Related Literature Two Parts of the Statement of the
Related Studies Problem
Synthesis and Justification
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework 1. General/Main Objective - provides the
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis focus of research (Declarative form)
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
2. Specific Objective – statements that
Definition of Terms will address the realization of the
research objective (Interrogative form)
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures

Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A A good research problem must be

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE SMART
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings • Specific
Related Literature
Related Studies
• Measurable
Synthesis and Justification • Achievable
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework • Realistic, and
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific) • Time-bound
Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Choosing a Research Topic
How to find a Topic
• Talk to content adviser
• Scan referred journals for their
recommendations,
• Consult industry practitioners,
and
• Read current trends and
innovations
Choosing a Research Topic
General Rules
• Choose a topic that interests
you,
• Topic is neither too broad nor
too narrow, and
• Do preliminary checking for
potential sources before you
decide on your topic.
Choosing a Research Topic
Two Parts of the Statement of the
Problem

1. General/Main Objective - provides

the focus of research (Declarative
form)

2. Specific Objective – statements that

will address the realization of the
research objective (Interrogative
form)
Choosing a Research Topic
Two Parts of the Statement of the
Problem

1. General/Main Objective - provides

the focus of research (Declarative
form)

2. Specific Objective – statements that

will address the realization of the
research objective (Interrogative
form)
Choosing a Research Topic
Two Parts of the Statement of the
Problem

1. General/Main Objective - provides

the focus of research (Declarative
form)

2. Specific Objective – statements that

will address the realization of the
research objective (Interrogative
form)
Start Specific Questions/Objectives with Verbs
(Bloom’s Taxonomy)

Level Appropriate Verb for each level

Define Memorize List Recall Recognize Repeat Related Record Name
Knowledge Identify Acquire Underline Label State Relate Order

Restate Discuss Describe Identify Locate Report Explain Express

Comprehension Recognize Review Transform Represent Select Tell Indicate

Translate Interpret Apply Practice Illustrate Operate Explain Demonstrate

Application Dramatize Sketch Employ Schedule Use Sequence Prepare Predict
Generalize Implement Solve Complete
Level Appropriate Verb for each level
Distinguish Differentiate Appraise Analyze Calculate Criticize Estimate
Analysis Discover Compare Contrast Examine Test Experiment Investigate
Question Diagram Debate Classify Categorize Determine Inventory

Compose Plan Propose Design Assemble Create Formulate Organize

Synthesis Manage Construct Argue Conclude Integrate Theorize Specify Derive

Judge Appraise Measure Assess Value Estimate Choose Compute Evaluate

Evaluation Revise Score Rank Check Defend Verify Justify Rate Support
Weigh
Statement of the Problem: Example 1

The main objective of this research is to develop the Silva’s Management Competency Theory
(IaMSilvA), which will untangle the mathematical formalism and relationships of the different aspects of
competency in construction industry into their separate patterns for interdependency and delineation.
Specifically the study will address the following:
1. Develop a normative psychometric competence assessment instrument overarched by the clusters of
meta /global competencies for learning and development, as well as selection and recruitment.
2. Assess the validity of the categorization of the Management Competency Framework Development
Assessment Questionnaire (MCF-DAQ) into the six competency areas.
3. Correlate the inter-relationship of the sub-scales derived from the Silva’s Management Competency
Framework Assessment Instrument (SMCF-AI) associated with construction managers to make
generalizations about what patterns exists.
4. Develop the Silva’s Management Competency Theory (IaMSilvA) that will embody the empirical
component of the competency framework
5. Construct a logistic regression mathematical model utilizing time series multivariate analysis to predict
the correlates of career success.
Statement of the Problem:
The main objective of this research is create a cost predictive mathematical model for residential
projects through Multiple Linear Regression Analysis associated with Exploratory Factor Item-analytic
approach to determine the cost-influencing factors.
Specifically the study aimed to answer the following:
1. Determine the most frequently encountered cost influencing conditions and issues by undertaking
expert consultation and critical review on established construction project management theories.
2. Develop and administer the Cost-influencing Factors Assessment Questionnaire (CFAQ) to measure the
extent to which the obtained conditions and issues affect a building project cost.
3. Utilize Factor Analysis to extract the latent underlying cost-influencing factors and to develop and
validate the Project Cost Assessment Instrument (PCAI).
4. Design a regression mathematical model to delineate the relationship between the extracted factors
and residential project cost using the developed instrument.
5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the developed mathematical model by conducting residential project
assessment in Davao City.
Jay Cabunas
MS Civil Engineering
Statement of the Problem:
The main objective of this research is to design a Knowledge Management System (KMS) for private
construction companies in the form of Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) considering data classification under use, type
and flow order to improve process sustainability through document-based solution to construction delays.
Specifically, the study will address the following:
1. Classify all necessary data and delay factors that play a vital role in the progress of the phases of a
construction project.
2. Categorize data considering their use, type and flow order in a project and delay factors according to
contributors.
3. Identify the most prominent delay factors in three (3) selected companies and most effective mitigation
processes through a survey using Likert Scale Analyze gathered data from the sample population using ANOVA
test to identify significant differences.
4. Design a Knowledge Management System (KMS) in the form of Data Flow Diagrams for all construction data
considering the most common delay factors and mitigation process. Evaluate the impact of KMS-DFDs in
mitigation construction delays.
5. Evaluate the effectiveness and process sustainability of the knowledge management system in the form of
data flow diagram.
Roderick Macariola
MS Civil Engineering
Statement of the Problem:
The main objective of this research is to determine the compressive and flexural strength of
recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) with rice husk ash (RHA) as admixture for concrete pavements.
Specifically, the study will address the following:
1. Evaluate the responses of the different Construction Project Managers in adapting RCA as
replacement in natural aggregates in concrete production using survey questionnaires.
2. Measure the workability of RCA concrete added with RHA using double mixing method.
3. Determine the variability of compressive and flexural strength of RCA added with RHA under
high rate of loading in 7, 14 and 28 days
4. Compare the compressive and flexural strength of RCA added with RHA to normal concrete
aggregates under high loading rates
5. Investigate the physical behavior of crack in the RCA concrete added with RHA in its 28th day
test.
6. Estimate the ratio of RCA and RHA that will give the best result for compressive and flexural
strength.
Model of the Research Process

Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods
End of the first part:

▪ What research is
▪ Paradigm of the research process
▪ Research skills
▪ Ethical issues in conducting research
▪ Research Process
▪ Frameworks of Research
▪ Layout in Thesis Writing , and
▪ How to write the “Statement of the
Problem”
Reference:
Research Methods: Structuring Inquiries
and Empirical Investigations
 Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods
 Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
The purpose of a
Table of Contents
List of Tables Literature Review
List of Figures
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE • Understand and summarize the
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
major ideas on a subject,
Related Readings • Show an awareness of the scope
Related Literature Theoretical of research that has already been
Related Studies Framework
Synthesis and Justification
conducted on a topic
Theoretical Framework • Identify new and emerging
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
knowledge in an area, and
Hypothesis • Highlight gaps in the research
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations where new research activity may
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: METHOD Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
be warranted.
AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
Methodology
Research Design Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
Research Setting AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Respondents of the Study
Summary of Findings
Data Gathering Procedures
Conclusions
Data Gathering Instruments
Recommendations
Statistical Treatment
References
Appendices
https://www.flinders.libguides.com/
Title page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract REVIEW OF
Table of Contents
List of Tables RELATED LITERATURE
List of Figures
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE An organized collection of literature
Introduction
Review of Related Literature
and studies which are outlined in the
Related Readings key concepts.
Related Literature
Related Studies
Synthesis and Justification
• The key concepts in the statement
Theoretical Framework of the problem is used in the
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
search for literature and studies.
Hypothesis • The key concepts provide focus
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations and direction for the theoretical
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: METHOD Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
framework.
AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
Methodology
Research Design Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,
Research Setting AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Respondents of the Study
Summary of Findings
Data Gathering Procedures
Conclusions
Data Gathering Instruments
Recommendations
Statistical Treatment
References
Appendices
https://www.flinders.libguides.com/
Title page
Dedication Introduction
Acknowledgment • Overview of RRL
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables Related Readings
List of Figures
• Legal basis of the study
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE • Direct/indirect implications
Introduction to the government thrusts
Review of Related Literature
Related Readings
Related Literature Related Literature (foreign and local)
Related Studies • Sources are taken from the
Synthesis and Justification books, journals, magazines,
Theoretical Framework online database
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem (General and Specific)
Hypothesis
Related Studies (foreign and local)
Significance of the Study • Published and unpublished research studies
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2: METHOD Chapter 3: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS Synthesis and Justification
AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA
Methodology • Justification of the present study
Research Design Chapter 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, • Bearing of related studies upon the present study
Research Setting AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Respondents of the Study • Differences of the present study
Summary of Findings
Data Gathering Procedures Conclusions
Data Gathering Instruments
Statistical Treatment
Recommendations Theoretical Framework
References • It defines the relationship of all the variables (key
Appendices concepts)
“A theoretical framework consists
of concepts and together with
their definitions and reference to
relevant scholarly literature, or
existing theory that is used for
your particular study”
libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework
Synthesis and Justification
• Justification of the present study
• Bearing of related studies upon the
present study
• Differences of the present study
Theoretical Framework
• It defines the relationship of all the
variables (key concepts)
 Review of Related Literature
Introduction

• Overview of RRL

Related Readings
• Legal basis of the study
• Direct/indirect implications to
the government thrusts
• Laws and department directives
such as circulars, orders,
memoranda
Related Literature
(foreign and local)
Keyword 1
• Sources are taken from the
books, journals, magazines
and online database

Keyword 2
• Sources are taken from the
books, journals, magazines
and online database
Keyword 3
• Sources are taken from the
books, journals, magazines
and online database

Keyword 4
• Sources are taken from the
books, journals, magazines
and online database

Keyword 5
• Sources are taken from the
books, journals, magazines
and online database
Related Studies
(foreign and local)
Keyword 1
• Published and unpublished
research studies

Keyword 2
• Published and unpublished
research studies
Keyword 3
• Published and unpublished
research studies

Keyword 4
• Published and unpublished
research studies

Keyword 5
• Published and unpublished
research studies
Synthesis and Justification
• Justification of the present study
• Bearing of related studies upon the
present study
• Differences of the present study with the
past studies

Theoretical Framework

• It defines the relationships of all

the variables (key concepts)
pertinent to the study. Based on
literature.
After the RRL, what’s next?

While/After Retune your Revise the Revisit

doing RRL Problem Keywords
Topic
How do we reference the RRL?
One Author
Michel, W (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning Mischel, W. (1973).
Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of
personality. Psychological review, 80(4), 252.

Two Authors
Mischel, W., & Baker, N. (1975). Cognitive transformations of reward objects
through instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 254-261.
Three to six Authors
Hart, D., Keller, M., Edelstein, W., & Hofmann, V. (1998). Childhood personality
influences on social–cognitive development: A longitudinal study. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1278.

More than six Authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., ...
& Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based
mother and mother–child programs for children of divorce. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843.
Online Documents
Cherry, K. (2006). Guide to APA format. About Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/apastyle/guide

Online Journal Articles

Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K., & Ybarra, M. (2008) American
Psychologist, 63, 111-128. Retrieved from http://content.apa.org/journals/amp.
For Tables, label it this way:

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For instruments used in the

experimentation:
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Model of the Research Process

Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods
 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
 Refine the idea

Begin with an idea State research Specific aim & Literature

Refine that idea question/statement objectives review
State it in one sentence

THE Select
Complete write-up
of thesis/report RESEARCH methodology
PROCESS
Devise data
Draw conclusions Analyze data Gather data collection
methods

“The methodology section of a research paper answers two main questions:

How was the data collected or generated? And how was it analyzed?”
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology
 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Definition of Conceptual Framework
HANDBOOK FOR
A conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis
BEGINNING of literature on how to explain a phenomenon. It maps out
RESEARCHERS the actions required in the course of the study given his
previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and
his observations on the subject of research.

https://simplyeducate.me/conceptual-framework-handbook/

The methodological framework emerges from the

conceptual framework

“The methodology section of a research paper answers two main questions:

How was the data collected or generated? And how was it analyzed?”

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology
 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK Definition of Conceptual Framework
HANDBOOK FOR
BEGINNING
RESEARCHERS