Practical Research 1

Meaning and Characteristics of

Research
 Research

•It is the systematic study of trend or

event which involves careful collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data or
facts that relates man’s thinking with
reality.
Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical – research is based on direct

experience or observation by the
researcher.
2. Logical – research is based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical – research starts with a problem
and ends with a problem.
Characteristics of Research

4. Analytical – research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in gathering data,
whether historical, descriptive,
experimental, and case study.
5. Critical – research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
Characteristics of Research

6. Methodical – research is conducted in a

methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedures.
7. Replicability – research design and
procedures are repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
Ethical Codes and Policies of Research
 HONESTY – data should never be
fabricated, falsified or misinterpreted.

 OBJECTIVITY – Biases should be

avoided in the experimental design,
data analysis, interpretation, expert
testimony and the other aspects of
research.
 INTEGRITY – Consistency of thought and
action is the foundation of the credibility of
many research work.

 CARE – Careless errors and negligence should

be avoided.

 OPENNESS – The researcher should be open

to criticisms and ideas.
RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY –
Proper acknowledged should be given to all
authors cited and sources used in your research.
Patents and copy rights should be recognized.

CONFIDENTIALITY–Confidential
communications or documents should be
protected.
 RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION – The study
should be done with the purpose of
advancing research and scholarship.

 RESPONSIBLE MENTORING – The research

should seek to educate, mentor and advise
students.
 RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES – All peers should be
treated fairly.

 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – Social good should be

promoted and social harm should be avoided.

 NON-DISCRIMINATION – All those eligible to

participate in research should be maintained and
approved with the research.
 COMPETENCE – Professional competence
and expertise should be maintained and
improved with research.

 LEGALITY – A researcher should know and

obey relevant laws and institutional and
government policies.
HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION – Harms
and risks to human lives should be minimized.
Human dignity, privacy and autonomy should
be among the primary considerations of
research.
 RESEARCH PROCESSES
Examine a social
relationship, study the
Asking the relevant literature Formulating the
Research Question Hypotheses

Contribute Develop a
new research
evidence to THEORY design
literature
and begin
again

Evaluating the Analyzing Collecting

Data
Hypotheses Data 11