1.

Definition
2. Elements of a
Research Problem
Chapter II 3. Guidelines in the
Selection of a Topic
THE 4. Guidelines in writing the Title

RESEARCH
PROBLEM
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
Statement about:
• An area of concern
• A condition to be improved upon
• A difficulty to be eliminated
• A troubling question that needs
meaningful understanding and
deliberate investigation
 ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Aim or purpose of the
problem for investigation The period or
2. The subject matter or topic Population
The place or
or
to be investigated time
TheAim ofor
the
subject
3. The place or locale where universe
locale from
where
the research is to be studying
purpose
matter of or
the
conducted whom
the the
research
4. The period or time of the during
problem
topic which
to be
for
studying during which the
data isare
to to be
be
data are to be gathered
the data are to
investigation
investigated
5. Population or universe from
collected
conducted
whom the data are to be
collected be gathered
AIM OR PURPOSE
(To determine) The status of
SUBJECT MATTER OR TOPIC
Rice production
PLACE OR LOCALE
in Province X
PERIOD OR TIME
During the year 2011-2015
POPULATION
(The respondents are implied to be either the
farmers or the consumers or both)
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOPIC SELECTION
1. The research problem or
topic must be chosen by
the researcher himself It must
It must be
be
• within his interest It must be
within the
• within his within the
specialization chosen
within
competenceby the
theof
• within his competence ability of the
researcher
researcher’s
the researcher
to tackle
researcher to
2. It must be within the
himself
specialization
interest
to tackle
ability of the researcher to
finance
finance
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOPIC SELECTION
3. It is researchable and
manageable
 Data: Equipment
Data must
• available and accessible It isareto
Answers
Data
Hypotheses
• accurate, objective, andthe
meet
verifiable researchable
available
the specific
formulated
standards ofand
 Answers to the sub- intruments
are and
question
accessible
testable
accuracy, can
problems can be found
for research
 The hypotheses can be manageable
be foundand
objectivity,
accepted or rejected
 Equipment and
are available
instruments are available
verifiability
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOPIC SELECTION
4. Can be completed within
a reasonable period of
time unless longitudinal
ItSuits
ItIt
isrequires
can
relevant
be
the
5. Relevant to the present
tocompleted
the
original,
present
time and situation
6. Requires original, critical,
resources
critical,
time
within
andand
aof
and reflective thinking
7. Suits the resources of the of the
reasonable
reflective
current
researcher but large
enough to give reliable
results
researcher
period
thinking
interest
of time
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOPIC SELECTION
8. Must contribute to the
improvement of the
ItIt must
must not
It must
quality of human life contribute
undermine
contribute to
tothe
the
9. Must contribute to
human knowledge the fund
moral
improvementand ofof
10. Must not undermine thehuman
quality
spiritual of
values
the moral and spiritual
ofhuman
the life
people
values of the people knowledge
GUIDELINES FOR THE TOPIC SELECTION
11. Return of some kinds to
the researcher
 Monetary
There must be a
 Promotion
 Improved specialization
Consideration
return of some
 Enhance reputation
 Satisfaction
of kinds
the hazards
to the
12. Hazards involved
 Physical
involved
researcher
 Social
 Legal
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE TITLE
1. The title must be written in capital
letters and it must contain:
• Subject matter or topic
• Place or locale
• Period or time
• Population involved
2. Must be broad enough to include all
aspects of the subject matter
• What is expected to be found inside the report
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE TITLE
3. The title must contain:
• Subject matter or topic
• Place or locale
• Period or time
• Population involved
4. Must be brief and concise but broad
enough to include all aspects of the
subject matter
GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE TITLE
5. If the title contains more than one line,
it must be written like an inverted
pyramid
statement of the problem
STATEMENT
FRASCH
OF THE
PROCESS
PROBLEM

a statement of the problem is a claim of

one or two sentences that outlines the
problem addressed by the study.

it should briefly address the question:

what is the problem and what proposal
do you have to solve it?
 FRASCH
PURPOSE
PROCESS

the primary purpose of a problem

statement is to focus the attention of
the problem solving team.

the statement of the problem gives

direction and focus to the research’s
goal.
guidelines in writing a problem

The general and specific problems

should be formulated before conducting
a research

The number of specific questions

should meet the problems range
guidelines in writing a problem

Determine first the aspects of the

research problem and formulate a
specific question for each aspect

It is customary to state specific sub

problems in the interrogative form.
guidelines in writing a problem

Each specific questions must be

objective

Each specific question is researchable

apart from the other questions
guidelines in writing a problem

Answers to the specific question

can be interpreted independently

Answers of specific question must

contribute to the research as a whole
 sample problem

How has the popularity

popularity of Japanese animation in
the U.S. from 1999-2000 affected the content of
pre-teen
"Whatcartoons
common (aimed at“How
children
didaged 10-14)
animators
characteristics exit in respond to the
produced in 2000-01cartoon
in the U.S.?"
demand in
popular
cartoon in the U.S.?“ 1999-2000 on the basis
of content?”
assumptions
 Assumptions
ASSUMPTIONS
FRASCH PROCESS
Assumptions are the statement of the basic
principal or facts that are universally
accepted as true on the basis of logic or
reasoning without verification or proof,
though they may not have been
scientifically tested.
 Assumptions
ASSUMPTIONS
FRASCH PROCESS
Assumption provide a basis to develop
theories or more assumptions, therefore,
influence the development of the research

Research is built upon assumptions since a

foundation is needed to move forward. One
must assume something to discover
something
 Assumptions
ASSUMPTIONS
FRASCH PROCESS

Assumptions, in a research, are usually

unwritten or not directly stated

Generally, each specific question is based

upon an assumption
 Assumptions
FRASCH PROCESS
ASSUMPTIONS
warranted unwarranted

• Assumptions that
• Assumptions that are
comes with evidence,
pure intelligent
though not concrete
suppositions
or strong.
• Comes with no
• Usually based on
evidence
reasoning and logic
 Unwarranted
Assumptions
FRASCH
unwarranted Assumptions
assumptions
PROCESS
samples:
 Unwarranted
Assumptions
FRASCH
warranted Assumptions
assumptions
PROCESS
samples:
hypotheses
 FRASCH
HYPOTHESES
PROCESS

Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent

guess or prediction, that gives direction to
the researchers to answer the research
question
 FRASCH
HYPOTHESES
PROCESS

defined as the formal statement of the

tentative or expected outcome or
explanation of the relationship between
two or more variables in a specified
population.
 FRASCH
PURPOSE
PROCESS

It provides clarity to the research

problem and research objectives

It describes, explains or predicts the

expected results or outcome of the
research.
 FRASCH
PURPOSE
PROCESS

It identifies the population of the

research study that is to be
investigated or examined.

It facilitates data collection, data

analysis and data interpretation
 Assumptions
null FRASCH PROCESS
HYPOTHESES operational

operational hypothesis The null hypothesis

predicts that, there exist a predicts that, there is no
relationship between the relationship between the
independent variable and independent variable and
dependent variable. dependent variable.
guidelines in writing a hypothesis

Hypotheses have to be explicit.

Hypotheses are usually in the null form

because testing a null hypothesis is easier
guidelines in writing a hypothesis

Hypotheses are formulated from the

specific questions

Is written in a conclusive manner. It’s as

if it is the final conclusion to the problem
guidelines in writing a hypothesis

Can take a descriptive or “if-then form”

 Unwarranted
general Assumptions
FRASCH Assumptions
hypothesis
PROCESS
samples
ted samples:
sing
ase
 operational
FRASCHhypothesis
PROCESS

Example: Two hourly positions- changing of

a fully bedridden patient will prevent
bedsore.
 operational
FRASCHhypothesis
PROCESS
In the above example 2 hourly position
changing is independent variable and
bedsore prevention is dependent variable.
The statement shows that there exists a
relationship between 2 hourly positioning
and bedsore prevention.
 null
FRASCH
hypothesis
PROCESS

• Example: bed rest will not relives sever

asthmatic dyspnea.
 null
FRASCH
hypothesis
PROCESS

In the above example, the independent

variable that is, bed rest does not have any
causal relationship with the dependent
variable that is, severe asthmatic dyspnea.
 Assumptions Hypothesis

Assumption are Hypothesis is a

basically beliefs & ideas
prediction
that we hold to be true

Often with little or no Can be statistically

evidence & are not
tested & may be
statistically tested in
research accepted or rejected
 Assumptions Hypothesis

Predictions about the

Beliefs about the relationship of two or
variables
more variables

Predict a relation
Based on the beliefs, the
researchers attempt to between variables &
statistically tested to
discover the correlation
conclude the study