PROBABILITY

BY: GIAN THERESE JANSEN CHRISTIAN

MIKAELA
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
EVENTS
- Mutually exclusive events are things that can’t happen at the same time. In
logic and probability theory, two propositions (or events) are mutually
exclusive or disjoint if they cannot both occur. If A and B are mutually
exclusive events then the joint probability of A and B equals zero. Thus,
results to a null set. 
EXAMPLES OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
EVENTS:
o Turning Left and turning Right are Mutually Exclusive (you can't do
both at the same time)

o Getting a black ball or a red ball from an urn of black and red balls.
OTHER EXAMPLES OF MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
o Cards: Kings and Aces are Mutually Exclusive
o An experiment consists in observing gender of two
randomly selected individuals. The event, A that both
individuals are male and the event B, that both individuals
are female are mutually exclusive since if both are male, then
both cannot be female and P(A and B) = 0

o Let event A be the event that an employee at a large company

is a white collar worker and let B be the event that an
employee is a blue collar worker. Then A and B are mutually
exclusive since an employee cannot be both a blue collar
worker and a white collar worker and P(A and B) = 0
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND NOT
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
UNION OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
EVENTS
P(A∪B) = P(A)
+P(B)
Sample Problem:
In a school, the probability that a student is Asian is 1/3, while the probability
that a student is Caucasian is 2/5. What is the probability that a student is
either Asian or Caucasian?
P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)
= 1/3 + 2/5
= 5+6/15
= 11/15 or
73.33%
DEPENDENT AND
INDEPENDENT
EVENTS
INDEPENDENT
EVENTS
If knowing that event B has occurred does not affect the
probability of the occurrence of event A, then A and B are
said to be independent events. Two events are
independent if the following equation is satisfied.
Otherwise the events are dependent.

P(A I B) = P(A)
Example:

oThe events of having 10 letters in your last name

and being a sociology major are independent
events.
oChoosing a marble from a jar AND landing on
heads after tossing a coin.
oLanding on heads after tossing a
coin AND rolling a 5 on a single 6-sided die.
DEPENDENT
EVENTS
If the knowledge that some event B has occurred
influences the probability of the occurrence of another
event A, then A and B are said to be dependent events.

Example:
o The event of having a criminal record and the event of not having a father in
the home are dependent events.
o The events of being a diabetic and having a family history of diabetes are
dependent events, since diabetes is an inheritable disease.
Suppose one patient record is selected from the 125 represented in Table 4.4. The
event that
a patient has a history of heart disease, A, and the event that a patient is a smoker,
B, are dependent events, since

P(A)= 15/125 = .I2 and P(A I B) = 10/45 = .22.

For this group of patients, knowing that an individual is a smoker almost doubles
the probability that the individual has a history of heart disease.
Thank You!