Mathematics in the

Modern World
Engr. Ma. Luz E. Ciudadano
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 HELLO! I’M...
Mariela Desuasido
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 Problem solving and
reasoning
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 Problem Solving

⬤ Problem Solving is a mathematical process. As such it is to be found in the

Strand of Mathematical Processes along with Logic and Reasoning, and

Communication. This is the side of mathematics that enables us to use the skills

in a wide variety of situations.

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 Reasoning
In mathematics, reasoning involves drawing logical conclusions
based on evidence or stated assumptions. They must learn to reason and
make sense of mathematics so that they are able to use math in meaningful
ways. Students today need to develop critical thinking skills to succeed in
mathematics and in life.
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 Inductive and Deductive reasoning
When you make a decision, your thoughts are analyzed and your reasons are formulated. The
goal is to find the truth, and this can be done using deductive and inductive reasoning. This topic explains
the concept of reasoning, which is often used with logic in order to evaluate facts and arguments. Learn
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how to use it when evaluating different kinds of arguments.

 Inductive
Reasoning
- It is the process of coming up with a general conclusion by
analyzing specific examples.

● Usually, it is called a conjecture since it may or may not be

correct.
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 A. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number

When you examine a list of numbers and predict the next number
in the list according to some pattern you have observed, you are
using inductive reasoning.
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 Example:
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, _
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, _

Solution:.
a. 18 (Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number.
Thus we predict that the next number in the list is 3 larger than 15, which
isb.18.)
21 (The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the third
numbers differ by 3. It appears that the difference between any two
numbers is always 1 more than the preceding difference. Since 10 and
15 differ by 5, we predict that the next number in the list will be 6
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larger than 15, which is 21.)

 B. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture

Inductive reasoning is not used just to predict the next

number in a list. We use inductive reasoning to make a
conjecture about an arithmetic procedure.
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 Example:
Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by
8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3. Complete the
above procedure for several different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to
make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.
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 Solution:
Suppose we pick 5 as our original number.
Then the procedure would produce the
following results:

Original number: 5

Multiply by 8: 8 x 5 = 40

Add 6: 40 + 6 = 46

Divide by 2: 46 ÷ 2 = 23

Subtract 3: 23 - 3 = 20

Resulting number: 20
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Starting with 6 as our original no. produces a

final result of 24.
 In each of these cases the resulting
number is four times the original number.
We conjecture that following the given
procedure produces a number that is four
times the original number.
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 C. Use inductive reasoning to solve an application.
Scientists often use inductive reasoning. For instance, Galileo Galilei
(1564–1642) used inductive reasoning to discover that the time required
for a pendulum to complete one swing, called the period of the
pendulum, depends on the length of the pendulum. Galileo did not have
a clock, so he measured the periods of pendulums in “heartbeats.” The
following table shows some results obtained for pendulums of various
lengths. For the sake of convenience, a length of 10 inches has been
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designated as 1 unit.
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 Example:
Use the data in the table and inductive reasoning to answer each of the following questions.

a. If a pendulum has a length of 49 units, what is its period?

b. If the length of a pendulum is quadrupled, what happens to its period?

Solution:
a. In the table, each pendulum has a period that is the square root of its length. Thus we conjecture that a
pendulum with a length of 49 units will have a period of 7 heartbeats.
b. In the table, a pendulum with a length of 4 units has a period that is twice that of a pendulum with a
length of 1 unit. A pendulum with a length of 16 units has a period that is twice that of a pendulum
with a length of 4 units. It appears that quadrupling the length of a pendulum doubles its period.
Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may be incorrect. Just because a pattern holds true for a
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few cases, it does not mean the pattern will continue. When you use inductive reasoning, you have no
guarantee that your conclusion is correct.
 Deductive Reasoning

- It is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general

assumptions, procedures, or principles.
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 Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product,
divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

Solution:
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply the number by 8: 8n
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6

Divide the sum by 2: _________ 4n + 3

2
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 - 3 = 4n

We started with n and ended with 4n. The procedure given in this example
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produces a number that is four times the original number.

 B. Use deductive reasoning to solve a logic puzzle.
Example:
Each of four neighbors, Anna, Jane, Avis, and Gabriel, has a different
occupation (editor, banker, chef, or dentist). From the following clues,
determine the occupation of each neighbor.
1. Jane gets home from work after the banker but before the dentist.
2. Avis, who is the last to get home from work, is not the editor.
3. The dentist and Avis leave for work at the same time.
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4. The banker lives next door to Gabriel.

 Solution:
From clue 1, Jane is not the banker or the dentist. In the following chart, write
X1(which stands for “ruled out by clue 1”) in the Banker and the Dentist
columns of Jane’s row.
Editor Banker Chef Dentist
Anna
Jane X1 X1
Avis
Gabriel
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 From clue 2, Avis is not the editor. Write X2 (ruled out by clue 2) in the
Editor column of Avis’s row. We know from clue 1 that the banker is not the
last to get home, and we know from clue 2 that Avis is the last to get home;
therefore, Avis is not the banker. Write X2 in the Banker column of Avis’s
row.
Editor Banker Chef Dentist
Anna
Jane X1 X1
Avis X2 X2
Gabriel
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 From clue 3,Avis is not the dentist. Write X3 for this condition. There are now
Xs for three of the four occupations in Avis’s row; therefore, Avis must be the
chef. Place a √ in that box. Since Avis is the chef, none of the other three
people can be the chef. Write X3 for these conditions. There are now Xs for
three of the four occupations in Jane’s row; therefore, Jane must be the editor.
Insert a √ to indicate that Jane is the editor, and write X3 twice to indicate that
neither Anna nor Gabriel is the editor.
Editor Banker Chef Dentist
Anna X3 X3
Jane √ X1 X3 X1
Avis X2 X2 √ X3
Gabriel X3 X3
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 From clue 4, Gabriel is not the banker. Write X4 for this condition. Since
there are three Xs in the Banker column, Anna must be the banker. Place a √
in that box. Thus Anna cannot be the dentist. Write X4 in that box. Since
there are 3 Xs in the Dentist column, Gabriel must be the dentist. Place a √
in that box.
Editor Banker Chef Dentist
Anna X3 √ X3 X4
Jane √ X1 X3 X1
Avis X2 X2 √ X3
Gabriel X3 X4 X3 √

Anna is the banker, Jane is the editor, Avis is the chef, and Gabriel
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is the dentist.
 Inductive Reasoning vs. Deductive Reasoning
In the next example, we analyze arguments to determine whether they use
inductive or deductive reasoning.

Example:
Determine whether each of the following arguments is an example of inductive
reasoning or deductive reasoning.

a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other year. Last year
the tree did not produce plums, so this year the tree will produce plums.

b. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The contractor estimated
that my home improvement will cost $35,000. Thus my home improvement will cost
more than $35,000.
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 Solution:

a. This argument reaches a conclusion based on specific examples, so

it is an example of Inductive Reasoning.

b. Because the conclusion is a specific case of a general assumption,

this argument is an example of Deductive Reasoning.
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 HELLO! I’M...
Margarette Melgar
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 Intuition, Proof,
& Certainty
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 Intuition

 Is associated with common sense (Fischbein 1980)

 The ability to understand something instinctively without the need for conscious reasoning.

(Aurobindo, 2014)

 Mathematical intuition is coming across a problem, glancing at it, and using your logical

instinct to pull out an answer without asking further question.

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 Example:

What would be the product of 378 + 113/2?

 The answer would be around 200+. That would not be the exact
number but it is somehow accurate and mostly right, having solved it
within seconds.
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 Proof of Mathematical sense

 Defines a statement to be true in a quantitative measure using logical

reasoning.
 Shows a statement to be true definitions, theorems, and postulates.
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Brief History
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 Primarily the product of Ancient Greek Mathematics:

●Thales and Hippocrates of Chios

gave some of the first known
proofs of theorem in Geometry
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 Eudoxus and Theaetetus
formulates theorems but
not did not prove them.
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 Aristotle said
definitions should
describe the concept
being defined in terms of
other concepts already
known.
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 • Mathematical proof was
revolutionized by Euclid who
introduced the axiomatic method
still in use today. Modern proof
theory treats proofs as inductively
defined data structures, not
requiring an assumption that
axioms aren “true” in any sense.
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 Types of Mathematical Proofs
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 Proving something by showing how
Direct Proof it came to be.

Example:
“Consecutive Integers Word Problem”

2 consecutive integers add up to 37. Find the integers in X + X + 1 = 37

18 and 19
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 Also known as proof by contradiction,
Indirect Proof it begins by assuming the opposite of
the statement that is to be proven.

Example:

“Theorem Equation”
1 + 1 would always be equal to 2 but would never be 3.

If the equation 1 + 1 can never suffice the value of 3 as

the sum, unless we add another value to make it 3.
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 Proof by Is a more advanced method. This method is
used to establish statements for the set of all
induction natural numbers.

Example:
Is 3n – 1 a multiple of 2?
1. Show it is true for n=1 Now, prove that 3k + 1 – is multiple of 2

3k + 1 is also 3x3k
31 – 1 = 3 – 1 =2
And then split 3x into 2x and 1x
2. Assume it is true for n = k
And each of these are multiple of 2

3n – 1 is a multiple of 2 which means the

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statement is true.
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 Very interesting
facts!
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This is where you section ends. Duplicate this set of slides as many times you need to go over all your sections.
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 Some facts about my
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100% 25% 75%

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 Let’s review some facts.

Elephants Pandas Cats

Elephants can sense storms. Pandas don’t hibernate. Cats use their whiskers as feelers.

Dogs Kangaroos Koalas

Dogs can smell your feelings. There are more kangaroos than Koalas are even more lazy than
humans in Australia. cats.
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 This is our team!

Erika V. John S. Marie M.

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