ROCK AND MINERAL

RECOGNITION
METHODS

MAGMA AND ITS

CLASSIFICATION

IGNEOUS ROCKS

ARMERO'S DISASTER

SERGIO GAONA
BALAGUERA
 ROCK AND MINERAL
RECOGNITION METHODS

MACROSCOPIC METHODS

MICROSCOPIC METHODS

GEOCHEMICAL METHODS
 MACROSCOPIC
METHODS

IN THIS METHOD,
THE KNOWLEDGE
AND EXPERIENCE
OF THE INDIVIDUAL
ARE BASICALLY
TESTED BY
PERFORMING THE
OBSERVATION.
MACROSCOPIC
METHODS

COLOUR

WEIGHT

FRACTURING

HARDNESS
MACROSCOPIC
METHODS

CRYSTALLINITY
-MACROCRISTAL
-MICROCRISTAL
-CRIPTOCRISTAL

ABSOLUTE GRAIN SIZE

SIZE DISTRIBUTION
-EQUINOREGULAR
-HETEROREGULAR
-IRREGULAR

CRYSTAL SHAPE /
OF THE GRAINS
IDIOMORFO
HIPIDIOMORFO
XENOMORFO

MAGNITUDE OF THE
CRYSTALLIZATION
HOLOCRISTALINO
HEMICRISTALINO
AMORFO
 MACROSCOPIC
METHODS
COMPONENT ORIENTATION

ISOTROPE
ANISOTROPIC

SPACE OCCUPATION,
POROSITY

TYPES OF GRAINS

MINERALS
MICROSCOPIC METHODS

TRANSPARENT SECTIONS

POLISHED
GEOCHEMICAL
METHODS

X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE

DIFFRACTOMETRY
 MAGMA

HOT SPOTS
FEATHER THEORY
EXTENSION THEORY
 MAGMA
PHASES OF
MAGMAS

MOLTEN PHASE
GAS PHASE
SOLID PASE

WHEN IS IT
MAGMA AND
WHEN IS IT
LAVA?
CLASSIFICATION OF
MAGMAS
ACCORDING TO ITS
ORIGIN

PRIMARY
DERIVATIVES

MOST COMMON
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO
THE AMOUNT
OF SILICA
MAFIC
INTERMEDIATE
FELSIC
ACCORDING TO
THE EVOLUTION
IN ITS
COMPOSITION

TOLEITIC
CALCOALKALINE
ALKALINE
IGNEOUS ROCKS

ACCORDING TO ITS
ORIGIN

PLUTONIC OR
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
 ACCORDING TO ITS
ORIGIN

SUBVOLCANIC ROCKS

ALSO CALLED FILONIANAS

OR HIPABISALES. THEY
ORIGINATE WHEN MAGMA
RISES TO THE SURFACE,
ENTERS CRACKS OR
FISSURES, AND COOLS
THERE.
ACCORDING TO ITS ORIGIN

VOLCANIC ROCKS

THEY ARE ROCKS THAT ARE

FORMED BY VERY RAPID
COOLING, WHEN MAGMA COMES
INTO CONTACT WITH WATER OR
AIR.
ACCORDING TO
ITS TEXTURE

VITREOUS

APHANITIC

PHANERITIC

PORPHYRY

PYROCLASTIC

PEGMATITES
ACCORDING TO ITS
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION

FELSIC
ANDESITIC
MAFIC
ULTRAMAFIC
 TRAGEDIA DE ARMERO
La tragedia de Armero fue un desastre natural producto de la erupción
del volcán Nevado del Ruiz el miércoles 13 de noviembre de 1985,
afectando a los departamentos de Caldas y Tolima, en Colombia. Tras
sesenta y nueve años de inactividad, la erupción tomó por sorpresa a los
poblados cercanos, a pesar de que el Gobierno había recibido
advertencias por parte de múltiples organismos vulcanológicos desde la
aparición de los primeros indicios de actividad volcánica en septiembre
de 1985. Los flujos piroclásticos emitidos por el cráter del volcán
fundieron cerca del 10% del glaciar de la montaña, enviando cuatro
lahares —flujos de lodo, tierra y escombros productos de la actividad
volcánica— que descendieron por las laderas del Nevado a 60 km/h.
Los lahares aumentaron su velocidad en los barrancos y se encaminaron
hacia los cauces de los seis ríos que nacían en el volcán. La población de
Armero, ubicada a poco menos de 50 km del volcán, fue golpeada por
dichos lahares, muriendo más de 20 000 de sus 29 000 habitantes.3​Las
víctimas en otros pueblos, particularmente en los municipios de
Chinchiná y Villamaría, aumentaron la cifra de muertos a más de 23
000.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS

ACCORDING TO ITS
COMPOSITION AND
ORIGIN

CLASTICS
 ACCORDING TO
ITS COMPOSITION
AND ORIGIN

CHEMICAL
 ACCORDING TO ITS
COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN

BIOCHEMISTRY
 ACCORDING TO
ITS COMPOSITION
AND ORIGIN

ORGANIC
 HOW ARE
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS FORMED?
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

ACCORDING TO
THE STRUCTURE

FOLIATED
ACCORDING TO
THE STRUCTURE

NOT FOLIATED
ACCORDING TO THE
PROTOLITH

PELITAS OR PELITIC

QUARTZ-FELDSPATHIC

MAFIC OR BASIC

ULTRAMAFIC
 THE COMPASS

THE COMPASS

IS AN INSTRUMENT OF
ORIENTATION THAT USES A
MAGNETIZED NEEDLE TO
INDICATE THE EARTH'S
MAGNETIC NORTH.
 HISTORY
IT WAS CREATED IN CHINA,
APPROXIMATELY IN THE SECOND
CENTURY, TO DETERMINE THE
DIRECTIONS IN THE OPEN SEA.
INITIALLY IT CONSISTED OF A
MAGNETIZED NEEDLE FLOATING IN
A CONTAINER FILLED WITH WATER,
LATER IT WAS IMPROVED TO
REDUCE ITS SIZE AND FACILITATE
ITS USE.
PARTS OF THE
COMPASS
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLE

THE MAGNETIZED
NEEDLE INDICATES
THE DIRECTION OF
THE EARTH'S
MAGNETIC FIELD,
POINTING TOWARDS
THE NORTH AND
SOUTH POLES. THE
COMPASS WORKS IN
ANY AREA OF ​THE
WORLD, EXCEPT IN
THE NORTH AND
SOUTH POLAR ZONES,
DUE TO THE
CONVERGENCE OF
THE LINES OF FORCE
OF THE EARTH'S
MAGNETIC FIELD.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Tarbuck, E.J, Lutgens, F.K, & Tasa, D. (2005). Ciencias de la Tierra. Pearson Prentice Hall
Miguel Orozco, José M. Azañon, Antonio Azor, & Francisco M. Alonso. (2004). Geología Física. (2da ed). Paraninfo.
https://www.geovirtual2.cl/geologiageneral/PDF-03-03-Rocas.pdf
https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/es/products/technology/xray-analysis/x-ray-fluorescence
https://post.geoxnet.com/rocas-magmaticas-clasificacion-de-los-magmas/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340964959_Tipologia_de_Magmas
https://www.csunitec.com/es/centro-de-recursos/articulos/que-es-el-polvo-de-silice-5-cosas-que-debe-saber
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_caliente_(geolog%C3%ADa)
http://cuencas.fcien.edu.uy/cursos/materiales/Tema%205.pdf
http://biologiadivertidaenclase.blogspot.com/2019/05/magmatismo.html
https://geologiaweb.com/rocas-igneas/
https://geologiaweb.com/rocas-metamorficas/
http://www.geomecanica.org/didacticMat/rocasIgneas/index.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcypkjQ6zy4&ab_channel=F.Bautista%2CSuelos%2Cambienteyalgom%C3%A1s
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAjula