ANALYSIS OF HEAT

TRANSFER OF INFANT
WARMER STUDENT:
MOHAMMAD HATTA BIN RAMLEE
SX150840MBES04

LECTURE:
PROF. MADYA DR. KAHAR BIN OSMAN

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CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Problem Statement
 Objective
 Scope
 Literature review
 Methodology
 Design
 Gantt chart
 Conclusion
 Reference
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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
 A Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant commonly known as infant warmer, Infant radiant
warmers are overhead heating units. Consist of a heat source, a skin-temperature sensor, a display,
and visual and audible alarms
 Continuous heat loss due to this cause could be serious, particularly for a tiny premature infant ill
with respiratory distress or cardiac failure.
 A combined analysis of heat transfer due to conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation will be
test, in order to calculate the temperature, the differentiate between temperature setting on Warming
Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant with heat that received by the newborn

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INTRODUCTION

 Temperature of New-born and the condition that being monitored

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PROBLEM STATEMENT
 At birth, an infant emerges from a warm and wet environment into a relatively
cool and dry environment. Babies usually born at place like labour room and
operation theatre that usually cold and dry environment. But which have
different range of temperature
 Usually they will be a significant loss of body heat, to help the infant to
regulate the body heat instead have to working harder, babies usually put on
Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant to help them speed up the process of
regulate body temperature to normal temperature that is between 36.5 to 37.4
degrees Celsius.
 Severe temperature change can lead to neonate hypoxia, acidosis,
hypoglycaemia, and, in severe cases, death which are closely related to change
or drop on temperature

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Regarding to manipulate the temperature, to enhance the

performance of Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant and
minimize heat loss from the newborn babies.
 Strategies aimed at modifying the behavior of neonatal intensive
care unit (NICU) personnel, along with structural improvements
of setting placement, are require d to reduce heat loss.

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OBJECTIVE

 To determine the critical parameters in the

warming unit that effect the temperature
distribution
 To determine the effect of various geometries to
the temperature distribution
 To recommend modifications to the geometry

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SCOPE
o Several scopes have been decided before this project is being built but
still following the objective list. The main aim of this project is to
investigate the major environment factors and physical placement
place processes taking place at Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant
 CFD applications were used to generate a computer-based model such
as Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant
 CFD applications were used to performed numerical calculations such as
heat transfer.
 The results obtained were numerically verified as well as compared
with results published in the literature.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
Device Overviews & © 2020 ECRI Institute Infant radiant warmers are overhead heating units. They typically
Specifications ‐ Published on 9/1/2019 consist of a heat source, a skin-temperature sensor, a display, and
Comparative Data visual and audible alarms. Some warmers are used exclusively in
Warming Units, Radiant, the manual (non-servo) mode and generally include a heating unit,
Infant a timer to limit the heating time, and an alarm to prompt
reassessment of the infant's status. Most infant radiant warmers
with an automatic mode allow the operator to select the manual
mode.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
Neonatal Journey of Neonatal hypothermia is defined as an abnormal thermal
hypothermia in low perinatology state in which the newborn body temperature drops below
resource settings: a volume 29, pages401– 36.5 °C. Progressive reduction in body temperature leads
review 412(2009) by V. to adverse clinical effects ranging from mild metabolic
Kumar, J.C Shearer,  stress to death. In 1997, WHO categorized hypothermia
A Kumar &  into three stages based on core temperature, prognoses
G L Darmstadt  and action required
1. Cold stress: 36.0 to 36.4 °C; cause for concern—warm
the baby and seek to identify cause(s).
2. Moderate hypothermia: 32.0 to 35.9 °C; danger—
immediate warming of the baby is needed.
3. Severe hypothermia: <32.0 °C; outlook is grave—skilled
care is urgently needed.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
An overview of recent Luiz C. Wrobel, • The maintenance of an optimal thermal environment is regarded as a
Maciej K. Ginalski, priority in neonatology. While full-term and healthy neonates are able
applications of to regulate their body temperature, premature and sick infants may
computational Andrzej J. Nowak, often have difficulties keeping their body temperature at a constant
modelling in Derek B. Ingham and  level without external assistance. Owing to this immaturity of their
neonatology Anna M. Fic thermoregulation system, they can suffer from cold stress and
Published:13 June 2010 hypothermia, increasing the morbidity and mortality of premature and
sick newborns
• The steps necessary to complete a Computational Fluid
Dynamics simulation can be classified into three main groups
as follows:
1. Pre-processing, which involves activities necessary to build
and set up the computational model;
2. Processing, involving the solution of the system of differential
equations describing the problem under consideration;
3. Post-processing, which involves the presentation of results in
numerical or graphical form

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
Body Temperature of the William oh and John • At birth the mean skin temperatures of heels and palms
Newborn Infant in Lind First published: dropped precipitously from 35.4oC to 29.8oC during the first 10
Relation to Placental May 1967 minutes of life. The heel and palm temperatures showed a
Transfusion   further decline during the first 4 hours
https://doi.org/10.1111
/j.1651-2227.1967.tb15
289.x

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LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
Journal Effect of Y-S Jia1,2, Z-L Lin1, • Newborn infants, particularly those born prematurely,
delivery room H Lv2, Y-M Li2, R are vulnerable to cold stress. Their large surface area to
temperature on the Green3 and J Lin1,3 body mass ratio, thin permeable skin, small amount of
admission Journal of subcutaneous fat and limited metabolic response to
temperature of Perinatology (2013) cold may lead to rapid heat loss and a decrease in body
premature infants: a 33, 264–267; temperature. Thus, premature infants are largely
randomized doi:10.1038/jp.2012. dependent upon an external heat source, and optimal
controlled trial 100; published online thermal management of the preterm infant is very
2 August 2012 important. During resuscitation in the delivery room,
heat loss often exceeds heat production in low birth
weight preterm infants, more so in very low birth
weight infants.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Title Source Finding
Maternal Health and World Health • The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a
Safe Motherhood Organization Geneva delivery room temperature of 25–28 ºC to reduce the
Programme Division Of publish on April 1992 incidence of neonatal hypothermia. These guidelines do
Family Health not, however, specifically recommend ideal operating
theatre ambient temperatures nor the optimal
temperature required to prevent maternal hypothermia

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METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE
START DESIGN TEST
REVIEW

DATA
FINISH DISCUSSION
ANALYSIS

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FLOWCHART FOR PROJECT
Review for literature review and
Start Identified the problem face Identify current Process Select the best boundaries
methodology.

Design and develop the step of

Obtain the result Run the simulation stimulation. Select the application that can be used
 

Record the finding Discuss and analyze the finding Write the report End
 

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DESIGN
 In order to make the calculation process fully automatic, a managing program
was created to deal with all the essential stages of the numerical simulation,
step by step.
 At the beginning, the program reads information on parameters required to
build the geometric model. The geometry of the model Warming Units,
Patient, Radiant, Infant domains are generated based on the predefined
model created earlier in the CFD application, to increase accuracy and save
time
 This iterative process continues until the convergence criteria are satisfied.
The iterative method proved to be very useful for specifying accurate
temperature boundary conditions. Moreover, it decreased the computational
time and computing requirements of the calculations.

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DESIGN

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Model Geometry

 With the assistance of the computer-aided design application ANSYS, the geometric
representation of the infant child and Infant Warmer domains were generated with high
accuracy. It is believed that the position and the physical shape of the infant would have an
important influence on its thermal condition. Therefore, parametric capabilities of the CFD
application can be utilized for adjusting the geometry of the model to the specific case
examined.
 The steps necessary to complete a CFD simulation can be classified into three main groups as
follows:
1. Pre-processing, which involves activities necessary to build and set up the computational model;
2. Processing, involving the solution of the system of differential equations describing the problem
under consideration;
3. Post-processing, which involves the presentation of results in numerical or graphical form

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Numerical Modelling
Range Used by Minister of Health according to
Location Temperature (ºC)
World Health Organization

Operation Theatre Maximum 22

  Minimum 18

Labor Room Maximum 28

  Minimum 25

Baby Temperature: 35.4 o C

Setting Warmer: 37 o C

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GANTT CHART

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CONCLUSION

 The purpose of this study is to determine the impact factors of environment

effect for Warming Units, Patient, Radiant, Infant to the newborn for further
analysis
 This can lead the best environment setting to the newborn patient safety

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 THANK YOU

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