Lecture 3: Introduction of

pipe hydraulic
Shuming Liu
THU
Introduction of pipe hydraulic
• In networks of interconnected hydraulic elements, every elemen
t is influenced by each of its neighbors.
• The entire system is interrelated in such a way that the conditio
n of one element must be consistent with the condition of all oth
er elements.
• There are two concepts: conservation of mass and conservation
of energy
Conservation of mass
• The principle of conservation of mass dictates th
at the fluid mass entering any pipe will be equal t
o the mass leaving the pipe.

Q U  0
pipes
i

where Q i =inflow to node in i-th pipe (L3/T)

U=water used at node (L3/T)
Conservation of mass principle

Q1 Q3

Q2
• When extended-period simulations a
re considered, water can be stored a
Q1 Q3
nd withdrawn from tanks, thus a ter
m is needed to describe the accumul
ation of water at certain nodes （ eg
.tank ） : Q2
Conservation of energy
• The principle of conservation of energy dictates t
hat the difference in energy between two points
must be the same regardless of the path that is t
aken.
P 1 V 12 P2 V 22
Z1 + + =Z 2 + + + å hL + å h
g 2g g 2g

where Z=elevation (L)

P=pressure (M/L/T2)
γ=fluid specific weight (M/L2/T2)
V=velocity (L/T)
g=gravitational acceleration constant (L/T2)
hP=head added at pumps (L)
hL=head loss in pipes (L)
h=head loss due to minor losses (L)
The difference in energy at any two points connected in a network is
equal to the energy gains from pumps and energy losses in pipes and
fittings that occur in the path between them.
Solving network problem
• Conventional method: systematic approach to solve these equa
tions (Hady Cross, 1936)
• Modern method: simulation method, using computer, estimate a
solution and interactively improve it until the difference between
solutions falls within a specific tolerance
Water quality modelling
• Water quality modeling is a direct extension of hydraulic network m
odeling. Transport, mixing, and decay are the fundamental physi
cal and chemical processes typically represented in water quality
models.
• Flow rates in pipes and the flow paths that define how water trav
els through the network are used to determine mixing, residence ti
mes, and other hydraulic characteristics affecting disinfectant trans
port and decay.
Transport in pipes
• One-dimensional advective-reactive transport is used to predict the changes in constituent con
centrations due to transport through a pipe, and to account for formation and decay reactions.
• The advective transport equation is a function of the mean velocity of the fluid. And concentrati
on within a pipe i as a function of distance along its length (x) and time (t).
 The concentration leaving a node is a

Mixing at nodes function of the flow weighted average

of the incoming concentration.

• Water with different concentrations are

mixed at nodes, which is simulated usin
g mass balance based equation.

Assumption: Incoming
flows are completely and
instantaneously mixed
Chemical reaction • Three chemical processes that are
frequently modeled, however, are
bulk fluid reactions, reactions th
at occur on a surface (typically th
e pipe wall), and formation reacti
ons involving a limiting reactant.
• Chlorine (the most common disinfe
ctant) can react in the bulk flow wit
h natural organic matter (NOM). An
d at the pipe wall, oxidation reactio
n with biofilms and the pipe materi
al (a cause of corrosion) can occur.
 Bulk reactions
• Bulk fluid reactions occur within the fluid volume and are a function
of constituent concentrations, reaction rate and order, and con
centrations of the formation products.

Generalized bulk reaction term Most commonly used reaction model

Bulk reactions
For first order reactions, the units of k
are (1/T) with values generally express
ed in 1/days or 1/hours (or the reciproc
al value).
Another way of expressing the speed o
f the reaction is the concept of half-life
(50% of the original concentration).

=0.5,

if the decay rate k is –1.0, the half-life is 0.693 days.

Bulk and wall reactions (disinfectant deca
y model)
• Many disinfectant decay models have been developed to account for reacti
ons between water, NOM and the pipe wall. The mostly commonly used on
e is the first-order decay model.
• The reaction rate coefficient K is a function of the bulk reaction coefficient
and the wall reaction coefficient
Bulk decay coefficients: determined experimentally.
Wall decay coefficients: estimated using disinfectant
concentration field measurements and water quality
simulation results.
Other types of water quality simulation –source trace analysis

• Source trace analysis: to identify the areas with in the distributio

n system influenced by a particular source (for networks with m
ore than one source), and areas with mixed water from different
sources.
• Source trace analysis can be achieved by the constituent transp
ort and mixing equations for a conservative constituent.
Other types of water quality simulation –water age analysis

• The chemical processes in WDS occur over time, making reside

nce time (water age) in the distribution system a critical factor in
fluencing water quality, which is regarded as a reliable surrogat
e for water quality.
• Water age can be calculated using a specialize constituent anal
ysis, a zero-order reaction (n=0) with a k value equal to 1 [(mg/l)
/s].
The Eulerian approach
• a pipe is divided into a series of sub-links
• water moves from one sub-link to the next adjacent downstream sub-link in one
water quality time step
• the water quality concentration is adjusted according to the appropriate reaction
method during each water quality time step.
• the water quality concentration in the junction is calculated by taking a flow-weig
hted average of incoming inflows

t t+1 t+2 t+3 ……

 advantage disadvantage
• The main advantage of • The water age analysis is not
water age analysis, com as accurate as a constituent
pared to a constituent an analysis in determining water
alysis, is that once the h quality.
ydraulic model has been
• Itself is not a water quality
calibrated, no additional item, but a surrogate for
water quality calibration water quality.
procedures are required.
Lecture 4 Introduction of EPANET

20
 Aim of this lecture

To learn how to use EPANET to

model WDS

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Application
• How to assemble a model?
• How to run a hydraulic analysis?
• How to display values of pipe and node?
• How to display time series values for links and nodes?
• How to run a water quality analysis?
• Disinfection decay
• Booster station
• Water fraction
• Water age
Homework
• 1. Find the magnitude and direction of the flow through pipe P-9 so t
hat continuity is maintained at node J-10 in the following figure.
Homework
• 2. Does Conservation of Energy apply to the system shown i
n the figure? Data describing the physical characteristics
of each pipe are presented in the table below. Assume that
there are no minor losses in this loop.
Homework
• 3. What will be the concentration of chlorine in water samples take
n from a swimming pool after 7 days if the initial chlorine concent
ration in the pool was 1.5 mg/l? Bottle tests performed on the pool
water indicate that the first-order reaction rate is -0.134 day-1.

• 4. Do you think that the actual reaction rate coefficient for water
in the swimming pool described above (i.e., the water being conside
red remains in the pool, and is not being stored under laboratory c
onditions) would be equal to -0.134 day-1? Suggest some factors tha
t might cause the actual reaction rate to differ. Would these facto
rs most likely cause the actual reaction rate to be greater than or
less than -0.134 day-1?
Homework
• 5. The table presents th
e results of a chlorine
decay bottle test (in 1
hour). Compute the bulk
reaction rate coefficien
t for this water sample.
End of lecture