ENGR.

SHARAH QUILARIO
FUNDAMENTAL RESPONSE
QUANTITIES
STIFFNESS
- is the measure of a material’s ability to return to its original
form after being acted on by an external force. It refers to the
material’s ability to resist external forces and still return to its
original form.

STRENGTH
- is a measure of the amount of stress a material can withstand
without breaking. This is the ability of the material to support
maximum load before it breaks or is permanently deformed.
For a single structural member, or a structure that
employs only a single‐mode structural system they are
proportional. It is, however, instructive to explore cases where
they are not proportional or their constant of proportionality
can be changed.
FAILURE MODE
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
LIMIT STATES
1. UNINTERRUPTED USE

2. CONTROLLED ECONOMIC LOSS

3. LIFE SAFETY
‘UNINTERRUPTED USE’ LIMIT STATE

- When subjected to small

earthquakes a society seeks
the least disruption from
damage.

- most correlated with

structures having adequate
stiffness to resist
undergoing large
deformations.
‘CONTROLLED ECONOMIC LOSS’ LIMIT STATE
- When subjected to
medium earthquakes, a
society would tolerate
disruption to
its endeavours, but would
seek to minimise repair
costs.

- most related to the

structure having adequate
strength so that
the damage is limited.
 ‘LIFE SAFETY’ LIMIT STATE
- when subjected to large
earthquakes, a society
would accept
interruption, high economic
loss, but would seek to
minimise loss of life.
- most affected by the
ductility of the structure that
enables it to deform well
into
the inelastic range without
significant loss of resistance
OVERSTRENGTH
 OVERSTRENGTH
- is a parameter used to
quantify the difference
between the required and
the actual strength of a
material, a component or a
structural system.
Ωd – Observed Overstrength
factor
Vy – Actual Lateral Strength
Vd – Design Lateral
Strength
 Ωi – Inherent Overstrength
OVERSTRENGTH
factor
- is a parameter used to Vy – Actual Lateral
quantify the difference Strength
between the required and Ve – Elastic Strength Level
the actual strength of a
material, a component or a
structural system.
 SOURCES OF OVERSTRENGTH
1. Difference between actual and design material strengths, including
strain hardening.
2. Effect of confinement in RC, masonry and composite members.
3. Minimum Reinforcement and member sizes exceeding design
requirements.
4. Conservatism of the design procedures.
5. Effect of structural elements not considered in predicting the lateral
load capacity.
6. Load factors and multiple cases adopted in seismic design including
accidental torsion.
7. Serviceability limit state provisions.
8. Participation of non-structural elements in the earthquake response
of structures.Redundancy
9. Structural
Previous studies on RC structures have shown that
low‐rise buildings exhibit higher Ωd factors compared
with medium‐rise buildings, (Mwafy, 2000).
On the other hand, studies carried out on buildings
designed to US seismic codes have indicated that the
overstrength factor Ωd varied widely depending on the
height of the building, the design seismic intensity
and the structural systems (Whittaker et al., 1990;
Jain and Navin, 1995; Whittaker et al., 1999)
The overstrength for steel frames increases with the
building height since the design is likely to be
governed by stiffness, for example storey drift
limitations (Uang, 1991)