WHAT IS

MICROCONTROLLER?

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC or MCU)

is a small computer on a single IC containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals.
It is a decision making device used widely in embedded
systems and all intelligent devices.
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
MICROCONTROLLER
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
MICROCONTROLLER AND
MICROPROCESSOR
Microcontroller has I/O ports, Memory, timers etc all
integrated on chip itself
 In Microprocessors, I/O ports, memory, timer etc are to
be connected externally
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
 WHAT IS 8-BIT
MICROCONTROLLER
8-bit means it can process 8-bit data per clock cycle

It has 8-bit data bus

It can process 1byte of data at a time

AVR ATMEGA-16
MICROCONTROLLER
HOW AVR ATMEGA16 GOT ITS
NAME
It was developed by Atmel Corporation

AVR implies it belongs to AVR family.

‘16’ in Atmega16 means this microcontroller has 16Kb of

flash memory
 WHAT IS AVR?
AVR is a modified Harvard architecture , 8-bit RISC
single chip microcontroller.

It was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation.

 SPECIAL FEATURES OF AVR
They are fast.
 AVR Microcontroller executes most of the instructions in
single execution cycle.
 AVRs are about 4 times faster than PIC.
They consume less power and can be operated in different
power saving modes.
INTRODUCTION TO ATMEGA16
• ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
based on the AVR RISC architecture.
• By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle,
the ATmega16 achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS
per MHz.
• In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the
AVR uses a Harvard architecture.
 FATURES OF ATMEGA16
High-performance, Low-power AVR 16-bit
Microcontroller
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C
 MEMORY SEGMENT
16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash
program memory
512 Bytes EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory)
1K Byte Internal SRAM (Static Random Access
Memory)
 PERIPHERAL FEATURES
• Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one
Compare Mode.
• One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler,
Compare Mode, and Capture Mode.
• Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator.
• Three PWM Channels.
• 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP package
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface.
Programmable Serial USART.
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface.
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip
Oscillator.
On-chip Analog Comparator.
TYPES OF PACKAGES
40-lead PDIP (Plastic Dual In-line Package)

44-lead TQFP (Thin Quad film Package)

HOW ATMEGA16 PDIP PACKAGE
LOOKS LIKE?
ATMEGA16 TQFP PACKAGE
PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA16
 PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC: Digital supply voltage 5V.
GND: Ground.
RESET: A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if
the clock is not running.
AREF: The analog reference pin for the A/D
Converter.
AVCC : The supply voltage pin for the A/D
Converter, Port C (3..0).It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the
ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through
a low-pass filter.
 PORTS
There are 4 ports in ATmega16: Port A, Port B, Port C
and PORTD.
Three registers are associated with every port.
DDRx – Data Direction Register
PINx – Port input
PORTx- Port output
Where x would be either A,B,C or D.
 PORT x(PX0-PX7)
It is a 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.
It has internal pull up resistors(selected for each bit).
It can be used either as a input port or as output port
( direction must be specified in programming).
 REGISTERS TO COMMUNICATE
WITH I/O PORTS
To communicate with the ports of Atmega16, we use
three registers:
PINx
PORTx
DDRx

Where x would be either A,B,C or D.

 DDRx REGISTER
It stands for Data Direction Register.
It is used to define Port as Input or Output.
In order to make Port as Input Port: DDRx=0x00 (In
Hexadecimal)
DDRx=0b00000000(In Binary)
In order to make Port as output Port: DDRx=0xFF (In
Hexadecimal)
DDRx=0b11111111(In Binary)
 PORTx REGISTER
If DDRx=0xFF(Output port).
 Writing logic 1 to PORTx will make output high i.e 5v
for that particular pin.
 Writing 0 to PORTx will make output low i.e 0v for that
particular pin.
If DDRx=Ox00(Input port)
If corresponding PORTx bit is set to 1, Internal pull up
resistors are enabled i.e if we do not connect this pin to
anything it still reads as 1.
If corresponding PORTx bit is set to 0, internal pull up
resistors are disabled i.e the pin will enter a high
impedance state and will become unpredictable.
 PINx REGISTER
It reads data from the port pins.
If any/all bits of DDRx is set to 0(input)for a particular
pin, we can read data from PINx
If any/all bits of DDRx is set to 1(output), then reading
PINx register gives the same data which has been output
on that particular pin.
THANK YOU