1.

1 Matter and Energy

1.2 Measurement in Science

and Medicine

1.3 Significant Figures and

Measurement

1.4 Using Dimensional Analysis

 Matter
Found in three states or phases
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
 Energy
Energy is the Capacity to do work
• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion
• Potential Energy is determined by the position of an
object or its chemical reactivity

Energy can be put into a reaction to force two chemicals to

react that wouldn’t react under cooler conditions

Energy Also can be released from chemical reactions as

heat or create electricity
 Energy
Text
 Heat
• Heat total energy of moving particles.
• Heat always flows from hotter to colder.
• Temperature is not the same as heat: it is a measure of
kinetic energy of moving particles.
• If we add heat, temperature increases!
• Unit of heat: calorie, joule, Calorie (nutritional)

The unit calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to

raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C.
 Physical and Chemical Change
Substannce: A type of matter that has specific properties
and a particular composition.
i) Physical Property: A property that you can see or
measure for a substance. Density, color, m. p., b. p., etc. A
physical property of water is that it is colorless.
ii) Physical change: No changes in the composition.
Melting ice into water is a physical change.
iii) Chemical Property: The chemical reactions a
substance undergoes (or has a tendency to undergo).
The tendency of ethene (C2H4) to make the plastic
polyethylene when mixed with the right catalyst is a
chemical property of ethene.
iv) Chemical Change: Involves a change in composition.
Cooking food is a chemical change!
 Measurement and Science

There are many measurements in everyday life.

Learning Goal Write the names and abbreviations for

the metric or SI units used in measurements of
volume, length, mass, temperature, and time.
 Measurement and Science
• A measurement is a number and a unit.
• Scientists use the metric system of measurement and
have adopted a modification of the metric system called
the International System of Units as a worldwide
standard.
• This system deals with base units and prefixes:
• the meter (m) for measuring length
• the gram (g) for measuring mass
• the second (s) for measuring time
• the liter (L) for measuring volume ( also m3 )
• The °C for measuring Temperature
 Metric System- Prefixes
1. A Prefix attached to any unit increases or decreases its
size by some factor of 10.
Eg. 1 kilometer (1 km) = 1000 m = 103 m
1 millimeter (1 mm) = 0.001 m =10-3 m
2. The relationship of a prefix to a unit can be expressed by
replacing the prefix with its numerical value
Eg. 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 kiloliter = 1000 liters
1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 103 m
 Metric System- Prefixes
Prefixes are useful when measurements are much smaller
or larger than base units
PREFIX SYMBOL SCIENTIFIC NUMBER VALUE
NOTATION
GIGA G 109 1 000 000 000
MEGA M 106 1 000 000
KILO k 103 1 000
DECI D 10-1 0.1
CENTI C 10-2 0.01
MILLI M 10-3 0.001
MICRO µ 10-6 0.000 001
NANO n 10-9 0.000 000 001

Don’t use the table 1.1 in text book!!!

 Precision and Accuracy
• Precision indicates how close measurements are to one
another.
• Accuracy indicates how close measurements are to a
“true” value.
Significant Figures and Measurements
• Assume the units to be in cm
• How long is the line?

• 4cm • 4.3cm? • 4.4cm? • 4.2cm?

The second digit has some uncertainty to it, since

we are forced to estimate it between the markings
Significant Figures and Measurements
• Lets use a new scale

• 4cm • 4.3cm • 4.35cm? • 4.36cm?

We are sure about the line being 4.3cm at least, we

are only estimating the third digit beyond the
decimal
Measurements and Significant Figures
• In a measured number, the significant figures are all the
digits including the estimated digit.
• The greater the precision of the measuring device, the
more significant figures you can report.
• The last digit is uncertain.
 Exact Numbers
• Numbers obtained by counting
• Definitions that give you laws/ equations
• 8 cookies
• 2 baseballs
• 1 ft = 12 in
• 1kg = 1000g
• Exact numbers are not measured, they don’t have
limited number of significant figures, they don’t affect
sig.figs in a calculation
Significant Figures- Rules

Is there an easy way?

 Significant Figures- Rules
Lets do easy way!
If your measurement has a decimal point
• Start from left hand side, start counting from the first
non zero digit till the end
If your measurement has no decimal point
• Start from right hand side, start counting from the first
non zero digit till you reach the start
 Example Problems
A. 0.030 m

B. 4.050 L

C. 0.0008 g

D. 2.80 m

E. 10 dollars
Significant Figures and Calculations
You can't get more sig figs than you can measure!
Postpone adjusting results to the correct # of sig figs until a
calculation is complete.
i) Multiplication and Division - The result must be reported
with the same number of sig figs as the measurement with
the fewest sig figs. When the result contains more than the
correct number of sig figs, it must be rounded off.
ii) Addition and Subtraction - The result cannot have more
digits to the right of the decimal point than any of the
original numbers.
 Example Problems
A. Divide 3.184 by 2.0

B. Subtract 64.87 from 151

 Scientific Notation
• Scientific Notation is used to write very large or very
small numbers.
• Numbers written in scientific notation have two parts:
1.5 × 102
Coefficient Power of 10

• The coefficient is atleast 1 but less than 10.

 Example Problems
A. 2400 kg

B. 0.0000003 cm
Problem Solving, Dimensional Analysis
• The problem-solving process begins by analyzing the
problem in order to
• identify the given unit and needed unit
• write a plan that converts the given unit to the needed
unit
• identify one or more conversion factors that cancel units
and provide the needed unit
• set up the calculation

Key Concept: The key to this is cancellation of units.

 Using Dimensional Analysis
- Used to convert a measurement form one unit to another
(ie. km/h to m/h)
- We use a string of fractions multiplied by each other to
help conversions go smoothly.

Key Concept: The key to this is cancellation of units.

 Example Problem
A. If a person weighs 178 lb, what is the body mass in kilograms?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

Given 178 lb, need mass in kg

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given unit to the needed unit.
2.20 lb is same as 1 kg

STEP 3 State the equalities and conversion factors.

2.20 lb 1 kg
1 kg  2.20 lb and
1 kg 2.20 lb
STEP 4 Set up the problem to cancel units and calculate the answer.
Exact
1 kg
178 lb   80.9 kg
2.20 lb
3 SFs 3 SFs 3 SFs
 Using Dimensional Analysis
- When multiplying numbers we also multiply units and
when dividing number we also divide units.
- A conversion factor is a fraction that is multiplied or
divided with a measurement to convert it to a different
unit.
- We know the statement 1 lb. = 453.6 g to be true.

If the units of your answer are wrong, the calculation

most likely is also wrong. The number must also make
sense.
 Example Problem

Express 450 nm (typical molecular radius) in cm

 Practice Problem

How many minutes are in 1.6 days

 Energy calculations
• Energy conversions
• To convert between nutritional Calories and joules, two
conversion factors are needed.
• Convert from Calories to calories, then from calories to
joules.
• Adjust significant figures.

Sample Problem: Convert 15 Cal to kJ?

15 Cal x 1000 cal x 4.184J  62,760 J = 63,000 J or 63 kJ

Cal cal


 Temperature

Temperature, a measure of how hot or cold an object feels,

•is measured on the Celsius (°C) scale.
•is measured on the Kelvin (K) scale in the SI system.
•water freezes at 0 °C (32 °F) and boils at 100 °C (212 °F).
•the Kelvin scale for temperature begins at the lowest
possible temperature, 0 K.
 Specific Heat
Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of a particular substance by 1°C.
 Problem Solving!!!
1. The density of titanium is 4.54 g/mL. What is the mass
(in g) of 17.3 mL of titanium?
2. How many gallons does a 2 L bottle hold? (1 gal =
3.785 L)
3. How many lbs. are in 342 kg? (1 lb. = 453.6 g)
4. Assume dosage for acetaminophen is 6.5mg/lb.
Calculate a single dose in mg for a 6 year old child who
weighs 44.56lbs
5. How much heat do you need to put into a 5.0 g chunk of
aluminum to heat it from 25.0 ºC to 50.0 ºC (sp. heat Al
= 0.90 J/ºC·g)?